Chapter 34 Study Guide
Chapter #34: IDENTIFICATIONS
Nuremburg Trials- These were military tribunals. They were most known for the presuction of German leaders of political or military ranks. While they were being investigated, some committed suicide.
Cordell Hull- He was an American politician and was the Secretary of State from 1933 to 1944 which is during Franklin Delano Roosevelt's term. He received the Nobel Peace Prize and established a prodominat role in creating the United nations. He was known as the " Father of the Unied Nations."
Winston Churchill- He was the Prime Minister of Britain and stood strong in the Battle of Berlin during World War II. He was also an officer in the British army and received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He knew was against the appeasement of giving Hitler the Sudentenland.
Charles Lindbergh - He was the one who ave a speech about the fact that the Americans weren't going to come and help save them from. England was going to have to fight for themselves and hold the Germans off as long as they can.
Good Neighbor Policy- Since the United States was still suffering from the Geat Depression, this policy stated that the any U.S. military unit placed in Cuba, Panama, and Haiti will be removed to lessen her influence their.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act- This act was passed in order to lift export trade from doldums for relief and recovery. It also avoid the situation of uncertainties of wholesale tariff revision.
Rome-Berlin Axis- This pact was between Fascist leader of Italy Mussolini, and Totalitarian leader of Germany Hitler. They were now allies.
Nye Committee- This was made by senator Gerald Nye and the main goal of the committee is to investigate the financial and banking interest of the U.S.'s involvement in World War I. It was a significant factor in the support for American Neutrality.
Neutrality Acts- These were acts passed in order to avoid getting caught up in the war happening in Europe. One of the Act stated that when the president proclaimed a war, cetain restrictions would be in effect. No one was allowed to sail or sell munitions to belliferents because of these acts.
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact- This was a pact signed by the Soviet Union's Stalin and Germany's leader Hitler. Both of them agreed that they wouldn't attack each other with this Pact. However, Hitler broke this pact when he invaded Russia.
"cash and carry"- In order to avoid the same mistakes from WWI, the U.S. had this policy were there was no credit or shipment of supplies to anyone. So that the American ships won't be in line of danger by going into targeted zones.
America First Committee- While Britain was being attacked by Germany, the U.S. was wondering whether they should be involved or not. The isolationist created this group to speak out against joining the world war and stay isolated.
Lend-Lease Act- This act stated that the U.S. would give her Allies billions worth of weapons such as tanks, supplies, materials, and guns. Later on they will be returned when they are done using it.
Atlantic Charter- This was a meeting between Winston Churchill and FDR. The Charter was set up to discuss the goals after the war was over. This is ironic since the U.S. wasn't even in the war during this time.
Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions
The London Conference
Know: London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
In order to get America's currencies back on track, President Roosevelt proposed to have the London Economic Conference. He planned to send his secretary of state Cordell Hull, but in the last minute decided not to do so. Since the United States did not participate in the meeting, nothing was accomplished. This also proved that America still wanted to be an isolationist country and out of foreign affairs. Between the war and its own economy, America will deal with it itself.
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
Because of the Great Depression, the United States wasn't in a good position to be helping out their sibling in Latin America or keep a watch on the Philippines. This is the reason that America was fine with freeing the Philippines. They also wanted to get rid of the business with Filipino sugar. Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act and granted the Philippines their independence in twelve years.
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
The United States were serious about the Good neighbor policy because they weren't in the position to make enemies with those close to them. The Great Depression crippled their economy. As a result, they needed to make business with Latin America in order to get the economy back on its feet. This is why the U.S. militaries were taken out from Haiti, Cuba, and Panama. In order to test this, Mexico took American oil properties to see if they would react. They didn't.
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
Before, the percentage on tarrifs were at sixty percent due to the Hawley-Smoot Tariff. Secretary of State Cordell Hull believed that lowering the tariff would produce positive results. Congress then passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act to set up a low tariff policy. Most of the things in the Hawley-Smoot Tariff were cut off as well as the percentage rate if the other nation did the same thing. Because of this, the system was reversed from high tariffs to low tariffs.
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
During this time, totalitarian leaders arise and took over their nation. Mussolini was the fascist leader of Italy, Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union, and Adolf Hitler was the ruler of Germany. With the Rome-Berlin Axis, the leaders of Italy and Germany united. Later on, Japan's Hirohito joined the two countries with the Tripartite Pact. The League of Nations did nothing to stop this and America stayed isolated. The U.S. didn't want to be sucked into these affairs so the Johnson Debt default Act was passed to prevent them from allowing loans to those who already owed them.
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
The Neutrality Acts were set up in order to keep the U.S. out of war by allowing the power that certain restrictions are made when a foreign war occurs. This meant that the U.S. are not allowed to send amunitions or supplies overseas and give out more loans. These were set up in order to avoid the mistakes that occurred during the first World War. America wanted to stay out of the war no matter what happened in Europe.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
General Franscico Franco was another fascist leader that rose to take over Spain. Although America would usually side with the republican government, isolationism prevented them from intervening the mini war. Oil embargo did occur but the U.S. wanted to stay out of it. Germany and Italy helped out Franco. This allowed them to test out their new military weapons, tanks, and planes.
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
In 1937, Japan continued to invade China and the U.S. stayed out of their way. However, in Roosevelt's "Quarantine Speech" he should signs of less isolationism by saying that America should quarantine the agressors. Some Americans started to agree on this idea when the Panay Incident occured where Japan bombed one of America's ships. They payed compensation but continued to be aggressive. Hitler on the other hand began to invade the Rhineland. In order to Appease Hitler, he was given Sudentenland in the Munich Conference so he would stop, but he didn't.
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
When WWII began, the United States wanted to remain neutral but they did root for their allies, Britain and France. Supplies to belligrants were cut of due to Neutrality Acts so Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939 which said that the U.S. were allowed to sell amunition on a "cash-and-carry" system. This meant that America's ships were not to be sent of to deliver supplies. This showed that they were siding less on isolationism.
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
Once France was out of the way, America realized that Britain was the only one standing against Germany. Because of this, the American Army started to build up and a conscription law was to be passed. This said that 1.2 million troops would be trained while 800,000 would be reserves. At the Havana Conference, the policy of Europe staying away was shared with twenty-one other American Countries.
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
In the 1930's America was still trying to recover from the Great Depression and the effects from it. After the immigration was cut off, they couldn't afford to have anymore people to be coming in to their country. Plus, with the war that was taking place in Europe, many spies could be coming over to the U.S. to check on its actions. If America opened up their doors, it would break their want of isolationism and bring more affairs to their doors.
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
As Germany started to bomb Britain in the Battle of Britain, America was starting to wonder if they should get involved or not. Two voices stood out and in response, two committees were made. The isolationists made the America First Committee while the interventionists made the Committee to Defend the Allies. FDR responded with the Destroyer Deal, which stated that America would transfer fifty destroyers to Britain. They would get eight defensive bases in return.
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
In the election of 1940, the republican candidate was Wendell L. Willkie and Franklin was nominated for a third term. Willkie focused on Roosevelet's New Deal but everyone was focused on the war rather on that. His main attack point was the traditional two term since George Washington's time. FDR was still a favorite to the people and was able to win with a landslide of 449 to 82.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
As the war drove on, Britain needed both supplies and money in order to go up against Germany. America wanted to help so FDR's solution was to loan weapons and ships to Britain. The Lend Lease Bill was passed and said that America would send fifty billion worth of arms and materials to the Allies. This showed that the United States abandoned the thought of isolation.
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
The U.S. was happy when the Soviet Union and Germany started to attack each other. They believed that the Germans would defeat Russia so FDR sent 1 billion to Russia in order to defend Moscow. As the Russians held their grown, the Atlantic Conference took place with England's Winston Churchill and America's FDR in Newfoundland. The Charter set up goals after the war was won which was ironic since the U.S. wasn't even in the war.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
Without the "Cash-and-carry" policy in place of the Lend-Lease policy, the U.S. would risk being attacked while sending materials to Britain and their Allies. FDR had merchant ships escorted by U.S. warships to Iceland and allow the British to take over the escorting to avoid this. However, incidents occured when the Germans attacked American destroyer Greer. The destroyer Reuben James was torpedoed and sunk of Iceland. This was the last straw as the Neutrality Act of 1939 came to a close.
America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
The U.S. entry into the war was more gradual. As the war progressed, the U.S. was slowly getting involved into the war even though they wanted to stay isolated. Examples are the Quarantine Speech, Lend Lease Bill, and the sinking of America's destroyers. Once Japan had an all out attack on pearl Harbor, FDR decided that it was the last straw. The day after the attack, the U.S. declared war on Japan.
Nuremburg Trials- These were military tribunals. They were most known for the presuction of German leaders of political or military ranks. While they were being investigated, some committed suicide.
Cordell Hull- He was an American politician and was the Secretary of State from 1933 to 1944 which is during Franklin Delano Roosevelt's term. He received the Nobel Peace Prize and established a prodominat role in creating the United nations. He was known as the " Father of the Unied Nations."
Winston Churchill- He was the Prime Minister of Britain and stood strong in the Battle of Berlin during World War II. He was also an officer in the British army and received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He knew was against the appeasement of giving Hitler the Sudentenland.
Charles Lindbergh - He was the one who ave a speech about the fact that the Americans weren't going to come and help save them from. England was going to have to fight for themselves and hold the Germans off as long as they can.
Good Neighbor Policy- Since the United States was still suffering from the Geat Depression, this policy stated that the any U.S. military unit placed in Cuba, Panama, and Haiti will be removed to lessen her influence their.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act- This act was passed in order to lift export trade from doldums for relief and recovery. It also avoid the situation of uncertainties of wholesale tariff revision.
Rome-Berlin Axis- This pact was between Fascist leader of Italy Mussolini, and Totalitarian leader of Germany Hitler. They were now allies.
Nye Committee- This was made by senator Gerald Nye and the main goal of the committee is to investigate the financial and banking interest of the U.S.'s involvement in World War I. It was a significant factor in the support for American Neutrality.
Neutrality Acts- These were acts passed in order to avoid getting caught up in the war happening in Europe. One of the Act stated that when the president proclaimed a war, cetain restrictions would be in effect. No one was allowed to sail or sell munitions to belliferents because of these acts.
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact- This was a pact signed by the Soviet Union's Stalin and Germany's leader Hitler. Both of them agreed that they wouldn't attack each other with this Pact. However, Hitler broke this pact when he invaded Russia.
"cash and carry"- In order to avoid the same mistakes from WWI, the U.S. had this policy were there was no credit or shipment of supplies to anyone. So that the American ships won't be in line of danger by going into targeted zones.
America First Committee- While Britain was being attacked by Germany, the U.S. was wondering whether they should be involved or not. The isolationist created this group to speak out against joining the world war and stay isolated.
Lend-Lease Act- This act stated that the U.S. would give her Allies billions worth of weapons such as tanks, supplies, materials, and guns. Later on they will be returned when they are done using it.
Atlantic Charter- This was a meeting between Winston Churchill and FDR. The Charter was set up to discuss the goals after the war was over. This is ironic since the U.S. wasn't even in the war during this time.
Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions
The London Conference
Know: London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
In order to get America's currencies back on track, President Roosevelt proposed to have the London Economic Conference. He planned to send his secretary of state Cordell Hull, but in the last minute decided not to do so. Since the United States did not participate in the meeting, nothing was accomplished. This also proved that America still wanted to be an isolationist country and out of foreign affairs. Between the war and its own economy, America will deal with it itself.
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
Because of the Great Depression, the United States wasn't in a good position to be helping out their sibling in Latin America or keep a watch on the Philippines. This is the reason that America was fine with freeing the Philippines. They also wanted to get rid of the business with Filipino sugar. Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act and granted the Philippines their independence in twelve years.
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
The United States were serious about the Good neighbor policy because they weren't in the position to make enemies with those close to them. The Great Depression crippled their economy. As a result, they needed to make business with Latin America in order to get the economy back on its feet. This is why the U.S. militaries were taken out from Haiti, Cuba, and Panama. In order to test this, Mexico took American oil properties to see if they would react. They didn't.
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
Before, the percentage on tarrifs were at sixty percent due to the Hawley-Smoot Tariff. Secretary of State Cordell Hull believed that lowering the tariff would produce positive results. Congress then passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act to set up a low tariff policy. Most of the things in the Hawley-Smoot Tariff were cut off as well as the percentage rate if the other nation did the same thing. Because of this, the system was reversed from high tariffs to low tariffs.
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
During this time, totalitarian leaders arise and took over their nation. Mussolini was the fascist leader of Italy, Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union, and Adolf Hitler was the ruler of Germany. With the Rome-Berlin Axis, the leaders of Italy and Germany united. Later on, Japan's Hirohito joined the two countries with the Tripartite Pact. The League of Nations did nothing to stop this and America stayed isolated. The U.S. didn't want to be sucked into these affairs so the Johnson Debt default Act was passed to prevent them from allowing loans to those who already owed them.
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
The Neutrality Acts were set up in order to keep the U.S. out of war by allowing the power that certain restrictions are made when a foreign war occurs. This meant that the U.S. are not allowed to send amunitions or supplies overseas and give out more loans. These were set up in order to avoid the mistakes that occurred during the first World War. America wanted to stay out of the war no matter what happened in Europe.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
General Franscico Franco was another fascist leader that rose to take over Spain. Although America would usually side with the republican government, isolationism prevented them from intervening the mini war. Oil embargo did occur but the U.S. wanted to stay out of it. Germany and Italy helped out Franco. This allowed them to test out their new military weapons, tanks, and planes.
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
In 1937, Japan continued to invade China and the U.S. stayed out of their way. However, in Roosevelt's "Quarantine Speech" he should signs of less isolationism by saying that America should quarantine the agressors. Some Americans started to agree on this idea when the Panay Incident occured where Japan bombed one of America's ships. They payed compensation but continued to be aggressive. Hitler on the other hand began to invade the Rhineland. In order to Appease Hitler, he was given Sudentenland in the Munich Conference so he would stop, but he didn't.
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
When WWII began, the United States wanted to remain neutral but they did root for their allies, Britain and France. Supplies to belligrants were cut of due to Neutrality Acts so Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939 which said that the U.S. were allowed to sell amunition on a "cash-and-carry" system. This meant that America's ships were not to be sent of to deliver supplies. This showed that they were siding less on isolationism.
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
Once France was out of the way, America realized that Britain was the only one standing against Germany. Because of this, the American Army started to build up and a conscription law was to be passed. This said that 1.2 million troops would be trained while 800,000 would be reserves. At the Havana Conference, the policy of Europe staying away was shared with twenty-one other American Countries.
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
In the 1930's America was still trying to recover from the Great Depression and the effects from it. After the immigration was cut off, they couldn't afford to have anymore people to be coming in to their country. Plus, with the war that was taking place in Europe, many spies could be coming over to the U.S. to check on its actions. If America opened up their doors, it would break their want of isolationism and bring more affairs to their doors.
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
As Germany started to bomb Britain in the Battle of Britain, America was starting to wonder if they should get involved or not. Two voices stood out and in response, two committees were made. The isolationists made the America First Committee while the interventionists made the Committee to Defend the Allies. FDR responded with the Destroyer Deal, which stated that America would transfer fifty destroyers to Britain. They would get eight defensive bases in return.
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
In the election of 1940, the republican candidate was Wendell L. Willkie and Franklin was nominated for a third term. Willkie focused on Roosevelet's New Deal but everyone was focused on the war rather on that. His main attack point was the traditional two term since George Washington's time. FDR was still a favorite to the people and was able to win with a landslide of 449 to 82.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
As the war drove on, Britain needed both supplies and money in order to go up against Germany. America wanted to help so FDR's solution was to loan weapons and ships to Britain. The Lend Lease Bill was passed and said that America would send fifty billion worth of arms and materials to the Allies. This showed that the United States abandoned the thought of isolation.
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
The U.S. was happy when the Soviet Union and Germany started to attack each other. They believed that the Germans would defeat Russia so FDR sent 1 billion to Russia in order to defend Moscow. As the Russians held their grown, the Atlantic Conference took place with England's Winston Churchill and America's FDR in Newfoundland. The Charter set up goals after the war was won which was ironic since the U.S. wasn't even in the war.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
Without the "Cash-and-carry" policy in place of the Lend-Lease policy, the U.S. would risk being attacked while sending materials to Britain and their Allies. FDR had merchant ships escorted by U.S. warships to Iceland and allow the British to take over the escorting to avoid this. However, incidents occured when the Germans attacked American destroyer Greer. The destroyer Reuben James was torpedoed and sunk of Iceland. This was the last straw as the Neutrality Act of 1939 came to a close.
America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
The U.S. entry into the war was more gradual. As the war progressed, the U.S. was slowly getting involved into the war even though they wanted to stay isolated. Examples are the Quarantine Speech, Lend Lease Bill, and the sinking of America's destroyers. Once Japan had an all out attack on pearl Harbor, FDR decided that it was the last straw. The day after the attack, the U.S. declared war on Japan.