Study Guide Chapter 37
Chapter #37: IDENTIFICATIONS
Earl Warren- He was an American jurist who was one of the first to enforce the civil rights movement of blacks. He mae the COurth a power center with Congress because of the brown v. Board of Education.
Rosa Parks- She was a civil rights activist and was "the first lady of civil rights". In 1955, she was the one who refused to give up her seat for a white person when the white area was filled.
Ho Chi Minh- At first he tried to appeal to self-determination for vietnam but he was refused so he leaned more to communism. He was the communist leader who led the French out of Vietnam.
Ngo Dinh Diem- He led a non-communist government in south vietnam while the north was communist. They were split by the 1th parallel line from a conference in Geneva.
Gamal Abdel Nasser- He was a nationalist who wanted to build a dam on the Nile. He took over the Suez Canal which threatened the oil supply the west.
Nikita Khruschev- He was Stalin's successor and was the leader of the Soviet Union. He tried to make his country look good by discussing with the U.N. about disarment and invited America's president for a discussion.
Fidel Castro- He was the one who overthrew Batista's government and became communist when America was not in good terms with them. This was because of the relationship Cuba had with the Soviet Union.
Desegregation / integration- This is the process of ending the separation of two groups by races. This was a focus of the American Civil RIghts movement before the decision of Brown v. Board Education.
massive retaliation- This is a doctrine and nuclear strategy that a state must commit itself to retaliate a much greater force in case of an attack.
military-industrial complex- This is a concept between the relationships of legislators, national armed forces, and the military industrial base that supports them. This might include political contributions and approval for spending on military related materials.
Brown v. Board of Education- The ruling of this case stated that segregated publics chools were unconstitutional and should be integrated. This repelled Plessy vs. Ferguson and started getting people more aware of the civil rights movement.
Geneva Conference- This conference was suppose to bring the world leaders to discuss about peace and led down to trade barriers, diplomacy, and dnuclear warfare.
South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)- This was establish to create a block agaginst communist gains in southeast asia but was sadly considered a failure due to internal conflict.
Hungarian Revolt- At one point of time, the Hungarians tried to revolt against Russia but ended up in failure. This symbolizes that the Soviet Union were not to be taken lightly.
Suez Crisis- This was a confrontatino with Egypt on one side and Britain, France, and Israel on the other side. The Soviet Union and America lead major roles in this and the U.N. had to come in and convince the two side to separate.
Eisenhower Doctrine- this promised that the U.S. would help the middle east if they were threatened by communism.
Sputnik- This was the first satillite launched into space by the Russians. Because of this, the space race between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R began. A second Sputnik was sent with a dog and in return, the U.S. made NASA.
National Defense and Education Act — (NDEA)- When the russians sent the first satellite to space, the U.S. realized that they had to boost the education in their system. So this act was passed in order to fund education in schools more.
U-2 Incident- An American U-2 Spy plane was shot down when it was spying on Russian territory. The Russians were not pleased so the summit was ruined.
Chapter #37 Guided Reading Questions
Affluence and Its Anxieties
Know: IBM, Information Age, Ozzie and Harriet, The Feminine Mystique
1. What was life like for women in the 1950's?
New jobs in the field of electronics rose up because of the invention of the transistor. Computers and electronics were now made because of the high-tech companies like IBM. This was the beginning of the "information age". In the media, the traditional rolse of women were still popular because of the TV shows such as "leave it to Beaver" an "Ozzie and Harriet". The cult of domesticity would challenge this. Betty Friedan started the modern feminist movement.
Consumer Culture in the Fifties
Know: Diner's Club, McDonald's, Disneyland, Television, Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Playboy, The Affluent Society
2. How was popular culture changing and reflecting America?
The 50's was another age of consumerism with the Diner's Club, MCDonald, and Disneyland that were built all around the area. TV's were now available in home. "Televangelists" went on air to try and save souls through donations. Sports could also be followed such as the Dodgers and Giants. Evlis Presley's dance moves were inappropriate but sex appeal was used to sell. This shows that the culture in America is changing with the years passed.
The Advent of Eisenhower
Know: Adlai E. Stevenson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Checkers Speech
3. Describe the 1952 presidential election.
The democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson while the Republicans went with Dwight D. Eisenhower with Richard Nixon as his vice president. Since he was a war hero, he was a favoite among the people and his "I like Ike" slogan was catchy. Nixon was accused of having "slash fund" which made him give the "Checkers speech". This speech showed the power and influence of TV. This led to Ike's win.
The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy
Know: Joseph McCarthy
4. Joseph McCarthy may have been more dangerous to our form of government than any communists who might have been in the country. Explain.
Joseph McCarthy claimed that the secretary of sate Dean Acheson hired 205 communists and started the red-hunt. His claims got biger and bigger as he accuse George Marshmal of being ina a communist conspiracy. Eisenhower didn't like McCarthy but allowed purges in the state department. He soon went down when he threw charges at the U.S. Army. The hearing on TV made people see him as a bully and that he was making everything up.
Desegregating American Society
Know: Jim Crow Laws, Emmett Till, Jackie Robinson, NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.
5. What conditions in the South brought about the beginnings of the Civil Rights movement?
In the south, some of the blacks were still being discriminated and races were still segregated by the Jim Crows laws. Only twenty percent of southern blacks could register to vote even though on paper its said that they were all allowed. The intimidation, threat of job loss, and beatings were given to the black and the crimes of these were gone unpunished. This lead to the civil rights movement.
Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution
Know: Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, All Deliberate Speed, Little Rock Central High School, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Sit-ins, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
6. Why was Brown v. Board of Education a landmark case?
Eisenhower and Conress did not do much to enforce the civil rights but the ones who were was the judicial branch. Earl Warren engaged dto make changes in the "Warren cout" starting with the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka which built on the Sweatt v. Painter case. The ruling o nthis case stated that segregated public schools were unconstitutional and should be integretated. This was a landmark since it was one of the first to uphold civil rights.
Makers of America: The Great African-American Migration
7. Why did African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's?
The African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's in order to get away from the cruel treatment they were given. Even though blacks were suppose to have the same rights as white people, they were still given death threats, beatings, and lynches. Not many were even able to register to vote even though on paper it is said that they are able to. African Americans were given better treatment in the north and west.
Eisenhower Republicanism at Home
Know: Dynamic Conservatism, Creeping Socialism, Interstate Highway Act, AFL-CIO
8. Did Eisenhower live up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism?
"Dynamic conservaism" is to be liberal with people and conservative with money. Eisenhower wanted to create a balance in the federal budet to keep away from the "creeping socialism". He cut military spending to transfer control of oil drilling. Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson made the government bought grains to keep the prices up. He was living up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism.
A "New Look" in Foreign Policy
Know: John Foster Dulles, Strategic Air Command, Massive Retaliation, Military-industrial Complex
9. Was Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation effective? Explain.
"Massive retaliation" is the theat that any nuclear action would result in a massive response. This was a step up from the "deterrence" which was convincing the enemy to not act and greatly increaesed the stakes of the Cold War. He was not effective since he was trying to ease the tension of Nikita Khrushchev but was a failure. the Russians ruthlessly put down a revolution in Hungary.
The Vietnam Nightmare
Know: Ho Chi Minh, Dienbienphu, Ngo Dinh Diem, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
10. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
The French had Vietnam under their control for many years but now the vietnams want them out. Their leader Ho Chi Minh asked for self determination but was ignored so they leaned more on communist. The U.S. wanted France to handle the communism in their area but they lost at Dienbienphu. As a result France had to leave and allow communism to grow. This is where the U.S. is sucked into the battle.
Cold War Crises in Europe and the Middle East
Know: Shah of Iran, Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Suez Crisis, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country
11. Why was the U.S. concerned about problems in the Middle East?
Even though the Warsaw Pact and Nato were made to balance each other out, the tensions between Ike and Khrushchev was heavy. Although Hungary tried to rebel against Russia in a revolt, they were defeated easily. The U.S. was worried that if this kept up, Russia would invade the Middle East for oil and could easily get rid of Mohammed Reza Pahlevi. This made the U.S. more concerned in this area.
Round Two for "Ike"
Know: Teamsters, Jimmy Hoffa, Landrum-Griffin Act, , Missile Gap, National Defense and Education Act
12. What labor problems became evident during Eisenhower's second term?
Although Ike was able to be reelected for another term, his Secretary of State died of cancer and his assistent Sherman Adams had to step down because of bribery charges. The AFL-CIO had to boot out teamsters because of their new leaer, James Hoffa. The Landrum Friffin Act was passed to watch labor unions and the sleazy monkey business. Tensions because of the cold war also brought down America.
The Continuing Cold War
Know: U-2 Spy Plane
13. Describe efforts at disarmament during the Eisenhower administration.
The race of nuclear weapons made tensions heavy between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Although they both said that they would stop these tests on radioactivity, this was impossible. A meeting with Ike and the U.S. General Assemply made Russia look good for the time being. Before a summit, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down and the cause of this was because of the plane was spying on Russia.
Cuba's Castroism Spells Communism
Know: Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro
14. Why was revolution in Cuba such a concern to America?
The revolution in Cuba is a deep concern to America because if the Cubans turned communism, then that would become a problem since they were just eighty miles off of Florida. It was bad enough that communism was spreading but if they were to reach their hemisphere, then the Russians could have a bigger influence on them. Their concerns turned into reality when Fidel Castro ovethrew Batista.
Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency
Know: Richard Nixon, Kitchen Debate, John Kennedy, New Frontier
15. Was Nixon a good presidential candidate in 1960?
In the election of 1960, the republicans nominated ichard Nixon with Henry Cabot as his vice president while the democrats nominated John F. Kennedy with Lyndon B. Johnson as his vice president. Although Kennedy was able to stand a chance against his competitors because of the TV debates shown on tv. He was also a catholic but was still able to win the election with a 118,000 popular vote difference.
An Old General Fades Away
Know: Alaska, Hawaii
16. Evaluate Eisenhower's presidency.
The twenty-second amendment stated that the president is limited to two terms. Even so, Ike was a very active president and his years as president was known for their sinverity, good-will, and moderation. The St. Lawerence seaway was finished, the cities of Great Lakes were now seaports, and two states were added. However, his biggest failure was not enforcing the civil rights movement.
The Life of the Mind in Postwar America
Know: Catch-22, Arthur Miller, Catcher in the Rye, George Orwell
17. What do the books and plays of the post-war period say about the times in which they were produced?
During this time, literature from authors such as Ernest Hemmingway and this The Old man and the Sea showed the effect of World War I and WWII. Some stories showed the cutting realism that WWI had to people but for WWII novels, they turned away from realism. Instead, they thought about fantasy. Joseph Heller wrote Catch-22 to show his crazy style. John Updike criticized conformist affluence which was similar to John Cheever's The Wapshot Chronicle.
Earl Warren- He was an American jurist who was one of the first to enforce the civil rights movement of blacks. He mae the COurth a power center with Congress because of the brown v. Board of Education.
Rosa Parks- She was a civil rights activist and was "the first lady of civil rights". In 1955, she was the one who refused to give up her seat for a white person when the white area was filled.
Ho Chi Minh- At first he tried to appeal to self-determination for vietnam but he was refused so he leaned more to communism. He was the communist leader who led the French out of Vietnam.
Ngo Dinh Diem- He led a non-communist government in south vietnam while the north was communist. They were split by the 1th parallel line from a conference in Geneva.
Gamal Abdel Nasser- He was a nationalist who wanted to build a dam on the Nile. He took over the Suez Canal which threatened the oil supply the west.
Nikita Khruschev- He was Stalin's successor and was the leader of the Soviet Union. He tried to make his country look good by discussing with the U.N. about disarment and invited America's president for a discussion.
Fidel Castro- He was the one who overthrew Batista's government and became communist when America was not in good terms with them. This was because of the relationship Cuba had with the Soviet Union.
Desegregation / integration- This is the process of ending the separation of two groups by races. This was a focus of the American Civil RIghts movement before the decision of Brown v. Board Education.
massive retaliation- This is a doctrine and nuclear strategy that a state must commit itself to retaliate a much greater force in case of an attack.
military-industrial complex- This is a concept between the relationships of legislators, national armed forces, and the military industrial base that supports them. This might include political contributions and approval for spending on military related materials.
Brown v. Board of Education- The ruling of this case stated that segregated publics chools were unconstitutional and should be integrated. This repelled Plessy vs. Ferguson and started getting people more aware of the civil rights movement.
Geneva Conference- This conference was suppose to bring the world leaders to discuss about peace and led down to trade barriers, diplomacy, and dnuclear warfare.
South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)- This was establish to create a block agaginst communist gains in southeast asia but was sadly considered a failure due to internal conflict.
Hungarian Revolt- At one point of time, the Hungarians tried to revolt against Russia but ended up in failure. This symbolizes that the Soviet Union were not to be taken lightly.
Suez Crisis- This was a confrontatino with Egypt on one side and Britain, France, and Israel on the other side. The Soviet Union and America lead major roles in this and the U.N. had to come in and convince the two side to separate.
Eisenhower Doctrine- this promised that the U.S. would help the middle east if they were threatened by communism.
Sputnik- This was the first satillite launched into space by the Russians. Because of this, the space race between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R began. A second Sputnik was sent with a dog and in return, the U.S. made NASA.
National Defense and Education Act — (NDEA)- When the russians sent the first satellite to space, the U.S. realized that they had to boost the education in their system. So this act was passed in order to fund education in schools more.
U-2 Incident- An American U-2 Spy plane was shot down when it was spying on Russian territory. The Russians were not pleased so the summit was ruined.
Chapter #37 Guided Reading Questions
Affluence and Its Anxieties
Know: IBM, Information Age, Ozzie and Harriet, The Feminine Mystique
1. What was life like for women in the 1950's?
New jobs in the field of electronics rose up because of the invention of the transistor. Computers and electronics were now made because of the high-tech companies like IBM. This was the beginning of the "information age". In the media, the traditional rolse of women were still popular because of the TV shows such as "leave it to Beaver" an "Ozzie and Harriet". The cult of domesticity would challenge this. Betty Friedan started the modern feminist movement.
Consumer Culture in the Fifties
Know: Diner's Club, McDonald's, Disneyland, Television, Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Playboy, The Affluent Society
2. How was popular culture changing and reflecting America?
The 50's was another age of consumerism with the Diner's Club, MCDonald, and Disneyland that were built all around the area. TV's were now available in home. "Televangelists" went on air to try and save souls through donations. Sports could also be followed such as the Dodgers and Giants. Evlis Presley's dance moves were inappropriate but sex appeal was used to sell. This shows that the culture in America is changing with the years passed.
The Advent of Eisenhower
Know: Adlai E. Stevenson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Checkers Speech
3. Describe the 1952 presidential election.
The democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson while the Republicans went with Dwight D. Eisenhower with Richard Nixon as his vice president. Since he was a war hero, he was a favoite among the people and his "I like Ike" slogan was catchy. Nixon was accused of having "slash fund" which made him give the "Checkers speech". This speech showed the power and influence of TV. This led to Ike's win.
The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy
Know: Joseph McCarthy
4. Joseph McCarthy may have been more dangerous to our form of government than any communists who might have been in the country. Explain.
Joseph McCarthy claimed that the secretary of sate Dean Acheson hired 205 communists and started the red-hunt. His claims got biger and bigger as he accuse George Marshmal of being ina a communist conspiracy. Eisenhower didn't like McCarthy but allowed purges in the state department. He soon went down when he threw charges at the U.S. Army. The hearing on TV made people see him as a bully and that he was making everything up.
Desegregating American Society
Know: Jim Crow Laws, Emmett Till, Jackie Robinson, NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.
5. What conditions in the South brought about the beginnings of the Civil Rights movement?
In the south, some of the blacks were still being discriminated and races were still segregated by the Jim Crows laws. Only twenty percent of southern blacks could register to vote even though on paper its said that they were all allowed. The intimidation, threat of job loss, and beatings were given to the black and the crimes of these were gone unpunished. This lead to the civil rights movement.
Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution
Know: Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, All Deliberate Speed, Little Rock Central High School, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Sit-ins, Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
6. Why was Brown v. Board of Education a landmark case?
Eisenhower and Conress did not do much to enforce the civil rights but the ones who were was the judicial branch. Earl Warren engaged dto make changes in the "Warren cout" starting with the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka which built on the Sweatt v. Painter case. The ruling o nthis case stated that segregated public schools were unconstitutional and should be integretated. This was a landmark since it was one of the first to uphold civil rights.
Makers of America: The Great African-American Migration
7. Why did African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's?
The African Americans move north and west in the 1930's and 40's in order to get away from the cruel treatment they were given. Even though blacks were suppose to have the same rights as white people, they were still given death threats, beatings, and lynches. Not many were even able to register to vote even though on paper it is said that they are able to. African Americans were given better treatment in the north and west.
Eisenhower Republicanism at Home
Know: Dynamic Conservatism, Creeping Socialism, Interstate Highway Act, AFL-CIO
8. Did Eisenhower live up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism?
"Dynamic conservaism" is to be liberal with people and conservative with money. Eisenhower wanted to create a balance in the federal budet to keep away from the "creeping socialism". He cut military spending to transfer control of oil drilling. Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson made the government bought grains to keep the prices up. He was living up to his philosophy of dynamic conservatism.
A "New Look" in Foreign Policy
Know: John Foster Dulles, Strategic Air Command, Massive Retaliation, Military-industrial Complex
9. Was Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation effective? Explain.
"Massive retaliation" is the theat that any nuclear action would result in a massive response. This was a step up from the "deterrence" which was convincing the enemy to not act and greatly increaesed the stakes of the Cold War. He was not effective since he was trying to ease the tension of Nikita Khrushchev but was a failure. the Russians ruthlessly put down a revolution in Hungary.
The Vietnam Nightmare
Know: Ho Chi Minh, Dienbienphu, Ngo Dinh Diem, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
10. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
The French had Vietnam under their control for many years but now the vietnams want them out. Their leader Ho Chi Minh asked for self determination but was ignored so they leaned more on communist. The U.S. wanted France to handle the communism in their area but they lost at Dienbienphu. As a result France had to leave and allow communism to grow. This is where the U.S. is sucked into the battle.
Cold War Crises in Europe and the Middle East
Know: Shah of Iran, Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Suez Crisis, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country
11. Why was the U.S. concerned about problems in the Middle East?
Even though the Warsaw Pact and Nato were made to balance each other out, the tensions between Ike and Khrushchev was heavy. Although Hungary tried to rebel against Russia in a revolt, they were defeated easily. The U.S. was worried that if this kept up, Russia would invade the Middle East for oil and could easily get rid of Mohammed Reza Pahlevi. This made the U.S. more concerned in this area.
Round Two for "Ike"
Know: Teamsters, Jimmy Hoffa, Landrum-Griffin Act, , Missile Gap, National Defense and Education Act
12. What labor problems became evident during Eisenhower's second term?
Although Ike was able to be reelected for another term, his Secretary of State died of cancer and his assistent Sherman Adams had to step down because of bribery charges. The AFL-CIO had to boot out teamsters because of their new leaer, James Hoffa. The Landrum Friffin Act was passed to watch labor unions and the sleazy monkey business. Tensions because of the cold war also brought down America.
The Continuing Cold War
Know: U-2 Spy Plane
13. Describe efforts at disarmament during the Eisenhower administration.
The race of nuclear weapons made tensions heavy between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Although they both said that they would stop these tests on radioactivity, this was impossible. A meeting with Ike and the U.S. General Assemply made Russia look good for the time being. Before a summit, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down and the cause of this was because of the plane was spying on Russia.
Cuba's Castroism Spells Communism
Know: Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro
14. Why was revolution in Cuba such a concern to America?
The revolution in Cuba is a deep concern to America because if the Cubans turned communism, then that would become a problem since they were just eighty miles off of Florida. It was bad enough that communism was spreading but if they were to reach their hemisphere, then the Russians could have a bigger influence on them. Their concerns turned into reality when Fidel Castro ovethrew Batista.
Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency
Know: Richard Nixon, Kitchen Debate, John Kennedy, New Frontier
15. Was Nixon a good presidential candidate in 1960?
In the election of 1960, the republicans nominated ichard Nixon with Henry Cabot as his vice president while the democrats nominated John F. Kennedy with Lyndon B. Johnson as his vice president. Although Kennedy was able to stand a chance against his competitors because of the TV debates shown on tv. He was also a catholic but was still able to win the election with a 118,000 popular vote difference.
An Old General Fades Away
Know: Alaska, Hawaii
16. Evaluate Eisenhower's presidency.
The twenty-second amendment stated that the president is limited to two terms. Even so, Ike was a very active president and his years as president was known for their sinverity, good-will, and moderation. The St. Lawerence seaway was finished, the cities of Great Lakes were now seaports, and two states were added. However, his biggest failure was not enforcing the civil rights movement.
The Life of the Mind in Postwar America
Know: Catch-22, Arthur Miller, Catcher in the Rye, George Orwell
17. What do the books and plays of the post-war period say about the times in which they were produced?
During this time, literature from authors such as Ernest Hemmingway and this The Old man and the Sea showed the effect of World War I and WWII. Some stories showed the cutting realism that WWI had to people but for WWII novels, they turned away from realism. Instead, they thought about fantasy. Joseph Heller wrote Catch-22 to show his crazy style. John Updike criticized conformist affluence which was similar to John Cheever's The Wapshot Chronicle.