Study Guide Chapter 38
Chapter #38: IDENTIFCATIONS
Robert F. Kennedy- He was a Democratic senator and a noted civil-rights activist. he was an icon of modern American liberalism and younger brother of president John F. Kennedy. He served as the resident's chief advisor.
Robert S. McNamara- He was the eighth secretary of defense under John F. Kennedy and Lydon Johnson. He played a large role in the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war and served as president of the World Bank.
Martin Luther King, Jr- He was a civil rights activist and led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and help found the SOuthern Christian Leadership Conference. He served as its first president and led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany.
Lee Harvey Oswald- According to the government, he was the sniper who assassinated John F. Kenney, the 35th President of the Unied States. He was a former marine who defected to the Soviet Union.
Barry Goldwater- He was the presidential nominee for the Republicans for the election of 1964 and business man. He was also the Senator of Arizona for five terms. He is most credited for sparking American conservative political movement.
Malcolm X- He was an African America Muslim minister and human rights activist. He indicted the white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans especially in the south.
Stokely Carmichael- He was one of the black activist in the American Civil Rights movement and rose to prominence in the civil rights and Black Power movements. He was the leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
Eugene McCarthy - He was an American politician and long time member of the United States Congress. He was the first candidate to challenge Lyndon B. Johnson for the democratic nomination of presidency in the election of 1968.
Hubert H. Humphrey- He served under Lyndon B. Johnson as the 38th vice president of the United Sates. He has served as the Snator of Minnesota and servad as Democratic Majority Whip. He was also the founder of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party and Americans for Democratic Action.
George Wallace- He served as the 45th governor of Alabama and American politician. He also ran four runs for U.S. president three as Democrat and one on the American Independent Party ticket.
Flexible response - This was a defense strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy that calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels. This will give the U.S. the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare.
Credibility Gap - Political term that came into a wide use to describe public skepticism about the Lyndon B. Johnson administration's statements and policies regarding the Vietnam War.
New Frontier- This was used by liberal Democratic candidate JFK in his acceptance speech. This was the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him.
Peace Corps- This was a volunteer program run by the U.S. government and stated that the mission of the Peace Corps is to provide technical assistance, helping people outside the U.S. to understand their culture, and helping Americans understand the cultures of other countries.
Alliance of Progress- In the election the party was part of the Presidential Movement and was the s upporters of Kerekou in Benin.
Bay of Pigs Invasion- The U.S. tried to overthrow Castro by training Cuban exiles to attack Cuba. Despite their effort to regain Cuba as a non communist nation, they failed in the end.
Cuban Missile Crisis- This was the crisis of the Soviet Union's missiles in Cuba pointed towards the U.S. while the American missiles was in Turkey pointing at the U.S.S.R. The two nations were at the brink of war with this crisis.
Great Society- This was a set of domestic programs by Lyndon B. Johnson and tried to eliminate poverty and racial injustice towards certain races. New spending programs focused on education, medical care, and urban civilization.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution- This was a joint resolution that the U.S. Congress pass in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. This gave Lyndon Johnson authorization without formal declaration of war to use military force in Southeast Asia.
Civil Right Act of 1964- this outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, as well as women. This also ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation.
Voting Rights Act- This outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the disenfranchisement of African Americans. The act prohibits states from imposing "voting qualifications" to vote on account of race or color.
Tet Offensive- This was a military campaign during the Vietnam War where a campaign of surprise attacks were launched against military and civilian command and control centers throughout south Vietnam.
Chapter #38 Guided Reading Questions
Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit
Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover, Robert McNamara, Peace Corps
1. What was new about the New Frontier?
When John F. Kennedy went into office, brought together a new young cabinet that includes his brother Robert who focused on helping out the FbI. Not so much on civil rights or crimes however and some people didn't life this reform. Peace Corps were created in order for young Americans to go to third world countries and help out their. People were able to learn in fields such as agriculture, health, languages, and math.
The New Frontier at Home
2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.
The House Rules Committee was expanded in order to avoid conservative hang-up. A wage was settled to help keep company prices down. Some companies such as the steel companies refused, so Kennedy took control and made them back down. Not everyone was happy with this change, supporters of free enterprises were against these New Frontier. They only supported him when he said that he would stop spending and cut taxes.
Rumblings in Europe
Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle
3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.
Kennedy met with Nikita and was bullied but he still stood his ground. At this time, the Berlin Wall was built in order to seperate the East from the West. The president decided to help Europe by passing the Trade Expansion Act to lower the tarrifs up to fifty percent and aid Common Market in trade. Charles de Gaulle of France did not like the new president however and felt that the U.S. won't be able to defend themselves in a nuclear weapon crisis.
Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"
Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response
4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign problems of the 1960s?
"Flexible response" would move America's policy away from "Massive retaliation". Spendings were also placed on the Special Forces. Kennedy believed that situations can be dealt with in a variety of options. He didn't want having to options against the little country and this policy was good. However in reality, this would backfire on America with the Vietnam war. Although the U.S. is able to get in, it was difficult to come out as the good guy.
Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire
Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong
5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?
In Vietnam, the North was led by Ho Chi Minh who was a communist while the South was led by Ngo Din Diem who was neither communist or democratic. The two sides were separated with the 17th parallel and the North threatened to invade the South. Kennedy decided to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam and intruct the people how to fight but not fight themselves since this wasn't their war. Later on, things will look bad for the U.S.
Cuban Confrontations
Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line
6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?
The relationship between Latin America and the United States improved with the Alliance for Progress which was basically the marshall plan for latin America. The progress in this however was slow and soon the threat of communism would make JFK respond with a big mistake. In the Bay of Pigs, the CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba but failed in the attacks. This lead to tensions between Cuba and America and even created the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers
7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?
Freedom Riders were young white northeners who went around the South to make people aware of segregation. Kennedy didn't want to reveal he was with martin Luther King, Jr since it would reveal that he had communist connections. He did help the SNCC with the Voter Education Project to register southern black voters. This shows that Kennedy's civil rights actions were the cause of events in the civil rights movement.
The Killing of Kennedy
Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission
8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why
When Kennedy made a compaign trip to the South, he was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald. In a few days, he would be shot by Jack Ruby. The one to assume the seat of presidency was Lyndon B. Johnson who sworn in as president on Air Force One. The reaction to the assassination is one of shock since America has just lost her young energetic president. However, they won't be too concern when his reputation is ruiend by his connections to organized crimes.
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency
Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America
9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.
Johnson did provide good leadership to the country since he was able to take control of Congress in his own way. He was also liberal since he passed the CIvil Rights Act to ban discrimination in public facilities and sought to end segregation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Committee was also set up to act as a watchdog for far hiring practices. His "Great Society" would be a continuation of New Deal types of programs so that America would become prosperous.
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964
Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?
Johnson was the representative for the Democrats while the Republicans chose Barry Goldwater. Goldwater criticized all of Johnson's acts such as the TVA, civil rights laws, nuclear test bans, and the Great Society. LBJ countered that he was a more poised statesman and a New Dealish Liberal. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident lead to the Tonkin Gulf Resolution to give the president a blank check for return action. In the end, LBJ was able to win the election.
The Great Society Congress
Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start
11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?
Since the Democrats were able to get into Congress, the Great Society programs could be passed. The War on Poverty was improved while the Office of Economic Opportunity had its budget double to be spent on Appalachia where modern prosperity haven't flourished. New cabinets were created such as the Department of Transportation and Housing and Urban Developement. The first black cabinet member was Robert C. Weaver. This showed that with Johnson as president, he's able to give more liberation in his four years in office.
Battling for Black Rights
Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma
12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?
With the Voting Rights Act, it banned literacy tests and sent registraters to the poll to watch out for dirty dealings. Twenty-fourth Amendment forbade poll taxes where some had to pay to vote. Martin Luther King, Jr. set up a voter registration drive in Selma, Alabama. Johnson joined the CIvil Rights Movement by calling an end to the injustice against those who were going to march from Selma to the capital of Montgomery.
Black Power
Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael
13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?
Martin Luther King's approach was nonviolent and was making progress but it was too slow. This is why many young black people broke out in riots to get matters into their own hand. Malcolm X was influenced by militants in the Nation of Islam who was founded by Elijah Poole. The Black Panthers armed themselves with weapons as they roam the streets. Stokely Carmichael led the Student Nonviolent Coordinating COmmittee and started the peaceful sit-ins.
Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres
Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare
14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?
A revolt that in the Dominican Republic made Johnson see that communism was trying to rise once more. In order to quiet the revolt, he sent 25,000 troops and was criticized for making a rash reaction. Later on he ordered "Operation Rolling Thunder" and bombed out North Vietnam. By using the Tonkin Gulf Resolution to follow "escalation" he sent 400,000 soldiers to Vietnam. America was all in in Vietnam whether they lost or won.
Vietnam Vexations
Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro
15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.
As the war drove on, America was criticized international and an example is Gaulle of France. In the Six-Day War, Israel beat Egypt who was supported by the U.S.S.R. and mange to gain much land including Jerusalem. In the U.S., students burnt draft cards and fled to Canada in order to avoid getting drafted. William Fulbright held televised hearings where people spoke against the war. The CIA even investigated people at home.
Vietnam Topples Johnson
Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy
16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?
North Korean launched the "Tet Offensive" against southern cities and the U.S. stopped the attacks. However, it showed the enemy still had some fight left in them. The war caused Johnson to be emotionally and physically exauhsted so he did not run for another term. Another thing that happened because of the war is that it split the Democratic party with Eugene McCarthy on one side while Robert Kennedy was in the other. He also freezed the troop levels in Vietnam.
The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968
Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace
17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?
McCarthy, Kennedy, and Humphrey were all running for the Democrarts but before Kennedy could become the Democratic nominee, he was shot. Humphrey would be nominated while Richard Nixon would run as the Republican candidate. George C. Wallace ran for the American Independant party and in the end, Nixon would win the election with 301 to Humphrey's 191 and Wallace's 46.
Victory for Nixon
18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.
In the election of 1968, Nixon was already populary among the American people with his involvement in the House on Un-American Activities Committee as well as his chase for Alger Hiss. His opponnents' votes were split in two so he had an advantage their as well. Plus, the democrats were set on to having Kennedy as their nominee so when he was killed, they had to scramble to get another nominee in the running against him and dhis other opponent. All of these factors were in his favor of winning the election.
The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson
19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.
In the beginning of his precidency, Lyndon Johnson was greatly liked for his Great Society and all the liberal acts that came because of it. Although he was gaining support from people throughout his term, the Vietnam war brought it all to an end. With each and every decision he made on that subject, all of the people weren't going to be happy with his choice. He later would die in 1973 in his home in Texas.
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD
20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?
In the 1960's cultureal changes were propelled by the young people who had the slogan of "Trust no one over 30". The roots of the was the "beatniks" of 1950's and Ginsburg and Keroauc were the prelude for the hippie generation. A "sexual revolution" would take place and birth-control pill reduction would make sex see mmore casual. Gays called for acceptance and the Students for a Democratic Society stood against poverty and war.
Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?
21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.
The Sixties was a constructive period of time at first but then soon became a destructive era. Lyndon Johnson's acts from the Great Society help give liberation on many different topics but the Vietnam war would bring his popularity down. Also, with the ignorance of the civil rights movement, young black people will start to riot instead of keeping on with their non violent approach. Marches and protests from other young people such as gays or hippies will also bring destruction to the country. This all said, the sixties were a time of destruction for the most part.
Robert F. Kennedy- He was a Democratic senator and a noted civil-rights activist. he was an icon of modern American liberalism and younger brother of president John F. Kennedy. He served as the resident's chief advisor.
Robert S. McNamara- He was the eighth secretary of defense under John F. Kennedy and Lydon Johnson. He played a large role in the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war and served as president of the World Bank.
Martin Luther King, Jr- He was a civil rights activist and led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and help found the SOuthern Christian Leadership Conference. He served as its first president and led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany.
Lee Harvey Oswald- According to the government, he was the sniper who assassinated John F. Kenney, the 35th President of the Unied States. He was a former marine who defected to the Soviet Union.
Barry Goldwater- He was the presidential nominee for the Republicans for the election of 1964 and business man. He was also the Senator of Arizona for five terms. He is most credited for sparking American conservative political movement.
Malcolm X- He was an African America Muslim minister and human rights activist. He indicted the white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans especially in the south.
Stokely Carmichael- He was one of the black activist in the American Civil Rights movement and rose to prominence in the civil rights and Black Power movements. He was the leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
Eugene McCarthy - He was an American politician and long time member of the United States Congress. He was the first candidate to challenge Lyndon B. Johnson for the democratic nomination of presidency in the election of 1968.
Hubert H. Humphrey- He served under Lyndon B. Johnson as the 38th vice president of the United Sates. He has served as the Snator of Minnesota and servad as Democratic Majority Whip. He was also the founder of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party and Americans for Democratic Action.
George Wallace- He served as the 45th governor of Alabama and American politician. He also ran four runs for U.S. president three as Democrat and one on the American Independent Party ticket.
Flexible response - This was a defense strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy that calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels. This will give the U.S. the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare.
Credibility Gap - Political term that came into a wide use to describe public skepticism about the Lyndon B. Johnson administration's statements and policies regarding the Vietnam War.
New Frontier- This was used by liberal Democratic candidate JFK in his acceptance speech. This was the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him.
Peace Corps- This was a volunteer program run by the U.S. government and stated that the mission of the Peace Corps is to provide technical assistance, helping people outside the U.S. to understand their culture, and helping Americans understand the cultures of other countries.
Alliance of Progress- In the election the party was part of the Presidential Movement and was the s upporters of Kerekou in Benin.
Bay of Pigs Invasion- The U.S. tried to overthrow Castro by training Cuban exiles to attack Cuba. Despite their effort to regain Cuba as a non communist nation, they failed in the end.
Cuban Missile Crisis- This was the crisis of the Soviet Union's missiles in Cuba pointed towards the U.S. while the American missiles was in Turkey pointing at the U.S.S.R. The two nations were at the brink of war with this crisis.
Great Society- This was a set of domestic programs by Lyndon B. Johnson and tried to eliminate poverty and racial injustice towards certain races. New spending programs focused on education, medical care, and urban civilization.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution- This was a joint resolution that the U.S. Congress pass in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. This gave Lyndon Johnson authorization without formal declaration of war to use military force in Southeast Asia.
Civil Right Act of 1964- this outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, as well as women. This also ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation.
Voting Rights Act- This outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the disenfranchisement of African Americans. The act prohibits states from imposing "voting qualifications" to vote on account of race or color.
Tet Offensive- This was a military campaign during the Vietnam War where a campaign of surprise attacks were launched against military and civilian command and control centers throughout south Vietnam.
Chapter #38 Guided Reading Questions
Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit
Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover, Robert McNamara, Peace Corps
1. What was new about the New Frontier?
When John F. Kennedy went into office, brought together a new young cabinet that includes his brother Robert who focused on helping out the FbI. Not so much on civil rights or crimes however and some people didn't life this reform. Peace Corps were created in order for young Americans to go to third world countries and help out their. People were able to learn in fields such as agriculture, health, languages, and math.
The New Frontier at Home
2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.
The House Rules Committee was expanded in order to avoid conservative hang-up. A wage was settled to help keep company prices down. Some companies such as the steel companies refused, so Kennedy took control and made them back down. Not everyone was happy with this change, supporters of free enterprises were against these New Frontier. They only supported him when he said that he would stop spending and cut taxes.
Rumblings in Europe
Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle
3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.
Kennedy met with Nikita and was bullied but he still stood his ground. At this time, the Berlin Wall was built in order to seperate the East from the West. The president decided to help Europe by passing the Trade Expansion Act to lower the tarrifs up to fifty percent and aid Common Market in trade. Charles de Gaulle of France did not like the new president however and felt that the U.S. won't be able to defend themselves in a nuclear weapon crisis.
Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"
Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response
4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign problems of the 1960s?
"Flexible response" would move America's policy away from "Massive retaliation". Spendings were also placed on the Special Forces. Kennedy believed that situations can be dealt with in a variety of options. He didn't want having to options against the little country and this policy was good. However in reality, this would backfire on America with the Vietnam war. Although the U.S. is able to get in, it was difficult to come out as the good guy.
Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire
Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong
5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?
In Vietnam, the North was led by Ho Chi Minh who was a communist while the South was led by Ngo Din Diem who was neither communist or democratic. The two sides were separated with the 17th parallel and the North threatened to invade the South. Kennedy decided to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam and intruct the people how to fight but not fight themselves since this wasn't their war. Later on, things will look bad for the U.S.
Cuban Confrontations
Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line
6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?
The relationship between Latin America and the United States improved with the Alliance for Progress which was basically the marshall plan for latin America. The progress in this however was slow and soon the threat of communism would make JFK respond with a big mistake. In the Bay of Pigs, the CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba but failed in the attacks. This lead to tensions between Cuba and America and even created the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers
7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?
Freedom Riders were young white northeners who went around the South to make people aware of segregation. Kennedy didn't want to reveal he was with martin Luther King, Jr since it would reveal that he had communist connections. He did help the SNCC with the Voter Education Project to register southern black voters. This shows that Kennedy's civil rights actions were the cause of events in the civil rights movement.
The Killing of Kennedy
Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission
8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why
When Kennedy made a compaign trip to the South, he was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald. In a few days, he would be shot by Jack Ruby. The one to assume the seat of presidency was Lyndon B. Johnson who sworn in as president on Air Force One. The reaction to the assassination is one of shock since America has just lost her young energetic president. However, they won't be too concern when his reputation is ruiend by his connections to organized crimes.
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency
Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America
9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.
Johnson did provide good leadership to the country since he was able to take control of Congress in his own way. He was also liberal since he passed the CIvil Rights Act to ban discrimination in public facilities and sought to end segregation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Committee was also set up to act as a watchdog for far hiring practices. His "Great Society" would be a continuation of New Deal types of programs so that America would become prosperous.
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964
Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?
Johnson was the representative for the Democrats while the Republicans chose Barry Goldwater. Goldwater criticized all of Johnson's acts such as the TVA, civil rights laws, nuclear test bans, and the Great Society. LBJ countered that he was a more poised statesman and a New Dealish Liberal. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident lead to the Tonkin Gulf Resolution to give the president a blank check for return action. In the end, LBJ was able to win the election.
The Great Society Congress
Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start
11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?
Since the Democrats were able to get into Congress, the Great Society programs could be passed. The War on Poverty was improved while the Office of Economic Opportunity had its budget double to be spent on Appalachia where modern prosperity haven't flourished. New cabinets were created such as the Department of Transportation and Housing and Urban Developement. The first black cabinet member was Robert C. Weaver. This showed that with Johnson as president, he's able to give more liberation in his four years in office.
Battling for Black Rights
Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma
12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?
With the Voting Rights Act, it banned literacy tests and sent registraters to the poll to watch out for dirty dealings. Twenty-fourth Amendment forbade poll taxes where some had to pay to vote. Martin Luther King, Jr. set up a voter registration drive in Selma, Alabama. Johnson joined the CIvil Rights Movement by calling an end to the injustice against those who were going to march from Selma to the capital of Montgomery.
Black Power
Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael
13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?
Martin Luther King's approach was nonviolent and was making progress but it was too slow. This is why many young black people broke out in riots to get matters into their own hand. Malcolm X was influenced by militants in the Nation of Islam who was founded by Elijah Poole. The Black Panthers armed themselves with weapons as they roam the streets. Stokely Carmichael led the Student Nonviolent Coordinating COmmittee and started the peaceful sit-ins.
Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres
Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare
14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?
A revolt that in the Dominican Republic made Johnson see that communism was trying to rise once more. In order to quiet the revolt, he sent 25,000 troops and was criticized for making a rash reaction. Later on he ordered "Operation Rolling Thunder" and bombed out North Vietnam. By using the Tonkin Gulf Resolution to follow "escalation" he sent 400,000 soldiers to Vietnam. America was all in in Vietnam whether they lost or won.
Vietnam Vexations
Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro
15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.
As the war drove on, America was criticized international and an example is Gaulle of France. In the Six-Day War, Israel beat Egypt who was supported by the U.S.S.R. and mange to gain much land including Jerusalem. In the U.S., students burnt draft cards and fled to Canada in order to avoid getting drafted. William Fulbright held televised hearings where people spoke against the war. The CIA even investigated people at home.
Vietnam Topples Johnson
Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy
16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?
North Korean launched the "Tet Offensive" against southern cities and the U.S. stopped the attacks. However, it showed the enemy still had some fight left in them. The war caused Johnson to be emotionally and physically exauhsted so he did not run for another term. Another thing that happened because of the war is that it split the Democratic party with Eugene McCarthy on one side while Robert Kennedy was in the other. He also freezed the troop levels in Vietnam.
The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968
Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace
17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?
McCarthy, Kennedy, and Humphrey were all running for the Democrarts but before Kennedy could become the Democratic nominee, he was shot. Humphrey would be nominated while Richard Nixon would run as the Republican candidate. George C. Wallace ran for the American Independant party and in the end, Nixon would win the election with 301 to Humphrey's 191 and Wallace's 46.
Victory for Nixon
18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.
In the election of 1968, Nixon was already populary among the American people with his involvement in the House on Un-American Activities Committee as well as his chase for Alger Hiss. His opponnents' votes were split in two so he had an advantage their as well. Plus, the democrats were set on to having Kennedy as their nominee so when he was killed, they had to scramble to get another nominee in the running against him and dhis other opponent. All of these factors were in his favor of winning the election.
The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson
19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.
In the beginning of his precidency, Lyndon Johnson was greatly liked for his Great Society and all the liberal acts that came because of it. Although he was gaining support from people throughout his term, the Vietnam war brought it all to an end. With each and every decision he made on that subject, all of the people weren't going to be happy with his choice. He later would die in 1973 in his home in Texas.
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD
20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?
In the 1960's cultureal changes were propelled by the young people who had the slogan of "Trust no one over 30". The roots of the was the "beatniks" of 1950's and Ginsburg and Keroauc were the prelude for the hippie generation. A "sexual revolution" would take place and birth-control pill reduction would make sex see mmore casual. Gays called for acceptance and the Students for a Democratic Society stood against poverty and war.
Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?
21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.
The Sixties was a constructive period of time at first but then soon became a destructive era. Lyndon Johnson's acts from the Great Society help give liberation on many different topics but the Vietnam war would bring his popularity down. Also, with the ignorance of the civil rights movement, young black people will start to riot instead of keeping on with their non violent approach. Marches and protests from other young people such as gays or hippies will also bring destruction to the country. This all said, the sixties were a time of destruction for the most part.