Study Guide Chapter 40
Chapter #40: IDENTIFICATIONS
Edward Kennedy- He was a member of the Democratic member and second most senior member of the Senate. He was the last surviving son of Joseph P. Kennedy. He enetered the Senate in a special election to fill the seat held by his brother John.
Anwar Sadat- He was the third President of Egypt and served until he was assassinated by fundamentalist army officers. In his eleven years, he changed Egypt's direction from some economic and political principles of Nasserism.
Geraldine Ferraro- She was the first female vice presidential candidate representing a major American political party. She was also an American attorney, a Democratic Party politician, and member of the U.S. States of house of Representative.
Jesse Jackson- He was an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988. He served as a shadow U.S. Senator for the District of Columbia.
Sandra Day O'Connor - She served as an Associate Justice in Ronald Reagan administration until her retirement from Court. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Court.
"Supply-side economics"- This is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barries for peopel to produce goods and services, such as lowering income tax and capital gains tax rates.
Moral Majority- This was aprominent American political organization associated with the Christian right. It was founded in 1979 and later dissolved in the later 1980's.
Grenada Invasion- This was a U.S. led invasion of Grenada, a Caribbean island nation. This resulted in a U.S. victory within a matter of weeks and was triggered by a bloody military coup which had ousted a four year revolutionary government.
Strategic Defense Initiative- This was proposed by U.S. president Ronald Reagan to use ground and space-based systems to protect the U.S. from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. This focuse on strategic defense rather than the strategic offense.
Reverse Discrimination- This is discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group or in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group defined by race, gender or ethnicity.
Sunbelt- This is a region of the U.S. considered to stretch across the South and Southwest. The rought boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude.
Roe v. Wade- This stated that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended toa woman's decision to have an abortion but must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interest in regulating abortions. This would be protecting prenatal life and protecting women's health.
Chapter #40 Guided Reading Questions
The Election of Ronald Reagan, 1980
Know: New Right, Moral Majority, neoconservatives, "ABC" movement
1. What factors (social, political, and economic) contributed to Reagan’s victory in 1980?
Edward Ted Kennedy was the presidential nominee for the Democratics but his campaign was damage with the "Chappaquiddick incident". Ronald Reagan was nominated for the republicans and would be the oldest elected rpesident. He favored small government, capitalism, personal responsibilites, and he was appealing and friendly. The "Anyone But Carter" was the biggest favor in voting for him.
The Reagan Revolution
Know: Iranian hostage release, Prop. 13, "welfare state," "boll weevils"
2. What changes did Reagan make to the national budget and how did these contrast with previous spending programs?
Reagan wante to make government smaller and get federal spending under control. He believed that hte government was the problem and did not fix problems. In doing so, he proposed a 35 billion budget cut in programs such as food stamps and federal paid for job training programs. The lowered budget was passed but he was suddenly shot. Thankfully he recuperated and walked out of the hopital twelve days later.
The Battle of the Budget
Know: recession of 1982, supply-side economics, "yuppies"
3. What practices contributed to federal budget deficits under Reagan’s administration?
Reagan wante to make substantial tax cuts and madea plan calling for "supply-side economics". This supported businesses and lowered tazes and less government interference. He hoped to boos investment, production, hiring, and eventually growth to make th reduction in the federal deficit. The plan was a fail since the economy slide to a recession and several banks went bankrupt. Many blamed Reagan's tax cuts.
Reagan Renews the Cold War
Know: Star Wars/SDI, arms race, Cold War, "Solidarity," Olympic boycott
4. What were Reagan’s attitude, strategy, and rationale toward negotiating with the Soviets?
To Reagan, he saw the Soviet Union as the "Evil Empire" and his way of dealing with them is through strength. He proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative more commonly called the "Star Wars" plan .SDI was to put satellites in orbit armed with lasers that could shoot down Soviet missiles. This was never built since it costed a lot of money and the scientists were skeptical about the idea.
Troubles Abroad
Know: West Bank, Israel and Lebanon, "Teflon president," Sandinistas, "contra" rebels
5. Summarize Reagan’s international policy in the Middle East and Central America/Caribbean, identifying which side the U.S. supported and which side it opposed.
Reagen sent U.s. troops to Lebanon in attempt to make peace keeping. A suicide bomber would make him pull out the troops. In Nicaragua, communnistic "Sandinistas" had taken over the governemnt. While Carter would try to talk with them, reagan opposed them since he believed that it would be a base for Russia. "advisors" were sent to Nicaragua to support the "Contras". His military would get involve in other places as well.
Round Two for Reagan
Know: Geraldine Ferraro, Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost, perestroika, INF treaty
6. What changes in the Soviet Union contributed to the end of the Cold War?
Since the economy was strong and Reagan was popular, he was able to win his reelection. In the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader and he spoke of restructuring the Soviet economy to be more free- market oriented. He proposed to cut INF at a meeting with Reagan. Talks at a second meeting and then a third lead to the Intermediate range nuclear force agreement to be made.
The Iran-Contra Imbroglio
Know: Iran-contra affair
7. Describe the flow of money and arms involved in the Iran-contra scandal.
In the Iran-Contra Affair, U.S. weapons would be sold to Iran, then the money would g oto the Contra "freedom fighters" in Nicaragua. The tricky deal lead Oliver North to go to prison. This made Reagan be in a bad position because if he knew about the scheme, it would appear eh was circumventing Congress to aid Contras. if he didn't know, it would seem that he isn't aware of what's going on around him.
Reagan’s Economic Legacy
Know: "Reaganomics"
8. How was Reagan’s economic policy both a failure and a victory?
In Reagan's time in office, he added two trillion dollars to the national debt which was more than all the previous presidents combined. Also, the debt was mostly to foreign nations especially Japan which seems that it would never be paid off. Reagan was successful in halting "welfare-state" programs that dominated the New Deal, Fair Deal, and the Great Society.
The Religious Right
Know: Jerry Falwell, Moral Majority, "identity politics"
9. How did the tactics of the religious right parallel those of the movements of the New Left during the 1960s?
New power of religious conservatives rose up in the "cultural wars" to attack the excesses of the 60's and 70's. Jerry Falwell started the moral Majority and registered two to three million voters. He spoke against sexual permissiveness, abortion, feminism, and homosexuality. "Televanelist" used the media to convey their messages to the world. Some 60's techniques such as "identify politics" was used.
Conservatism in the Courts
Know: Sandra Day O’Connor, affirmative action, Roe v. Wade, Planned Parenthood v. Casey
10. How did the Supreme Court decisions in Webster and Casey curtail Roe v. Wade?
In Webster v. reproductive Health Services, the Court supported Missouri law and place some restrictions on Abortion. With the Roe v. Wade, it had legalized abortion in 1973. The court ruled that states could restrict access to an abortion if it did not place "undue burden" on the mother with the Planned Parenthood v. Casey. This meant that the wife could not be forced to tell her husband of an abortion.
Referendum on Reaganism in 1988
Know: "Black Monday," "Seven Dwarfs"
11. What factors contributed to the ruin of savings and loan institutions?
The annual budget and the trade deficit was the main problems that plagued Reagan during his term. Dropping oil prices hurt the Southwest economy and lowered real estate values. S&Ls situation was so bad that the federal governemnt had to enact a bail out The stock market got wild with many mergers and buyouts. The market even dropped 508 points which was the largest in one day history.
George H.W. Bush and the End of the Cold War
Know: George H. W. Bush, Tiananmen Square, Berlin Wall, CIS, Yugoslavia, "ethnic cleansing," Nelson Mandela
12. What were the unexpected consequences of the demise of the Soviet Union?
In Europe, communism fell with the Fall of the Berlin wall. The U.S.S.R. broke apart and were loosely united in the "Commonwealth of Independent States" This showed that democracies won and communism had lost. All the old Soviet nuclear weapons made people question what to do with them. Also, now that communism was gone, the U.S. now needed a new foreign policy since before it was devoted to containing communism.
The Persian Gulf Crisis
Know: Saddam Hussein, "Operation Desert Storm" ("hundred-hour war")
13. "The enemy of my enemy is my friend." How did this philosophy have a negative outcome in America’s involvement with Iran and Iraq?
The Persian Gulf War was an attack of "Scud" missiles by Saddam at the U.S. troops and at Isael. The U.S. was led by Schwarzkopf and feared what Saddam had spoke of wagging in the "mother of all batles". He had stockpiled chemical and biological weapons, poison gas, and might spread anthrax. Later on, Saddam accept a cease-fire but he was still in power. This would later haunt the u.S.
Bush on the Home Front
Know: Americans with Disabilities Act, Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, "read my lips…"
14. How did reaction to the Thomas confirmation reflect the changing political attitudes of some women?
The Department of Education questioned whether college scholarships for minorities were legal and the threat to veto a bill would make it easier for an employee to prove discrimination in hiring. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to Supreme Court and was conservative. During Bush's campaign, he went along with a budget increase and a tax increase. The bad economy would cost him the election.
Varying Viewpoints: Where Did Modern Conservatism Come From?
Know: Charles and Mary Beard, Huey Long, Charles Coughlin, Sugrue and Edsall, George Will
15. Identify three broad influences that contributed to modern Conservatism and defend the one you think was most influential.
Cultural conservatism is described as a preservation of the heritage of one nation or of a shared culture that is not defined by national boundaries. Other variants of this are concerned with cultured attached to a given language. Social conservatism in the U.S. is defined by promotion of what its proponents perceive to be traditional social norms and values. Traditionalist conservatism describes a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law.
Edward Kennedy- He was a member of the Democratic member and second most senior member of the Senate. He was the last surviving son of Joseph P. Kennedy. He enetered the Senate in a special election to fill the seat held by his brother John.
Anwar Sadat- He was the third President of Egypt and served until he was assassinated by fundamentalist army officers. In his eleven years, he changed Egypt's direction from some economic and political principles of Nasserism.
Geraldine Ferraro- She was the first female vice presidential candidate representing a major American political party. She was also an American attorney, a Democratic Party politician, and member of the U.S. States of house of Representative.
Jesse Jackson- He was an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988. He served as a shadow U.S. Senator for the District of Columbia.
Sandra Day O'Connor - She served as an Associate Justice in Ronald Reagan administration until her retirement from Court. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Court.
"Supply-side economics"- This is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barries for peopel to produce goods and services, such as lowering income tax and capital gains tax rates.
Moral Majority- This was aprominent American political organization associated with the Christian right. It was founded in 1979 and later dissolved in the later 1980's.
Grenada Invasion- This was a U.S. led invasion of Grenada, a Caribbean island nation. This resulted in a U.S. victory within a matter of weeks and was triggered by a bloody military coup which had ousted a four year revolutionary government.
Strategic Defense Initiative- This was proposed by U.S. president Ronald Reagan to use ground and space-based systems to protect the U.S. from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. This focuse on strategic defense rather than the strategic offense.
Reverse Discrimination- This is discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group or in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group defined by race, gender or ethnicity.
Sunbelt- This is a region of the U.S. considered to stretch across the South and Southwest. The rought boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude.
Roe v. Wade- This stated that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended toa woman's decision to have an abortion but must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interest in regulating abortions. This would be protecting prenatal life and protecting women's health.
Chapter #40 Guided Reading Questions
The Election of Ronald Reagan, 1980
Know: New Right, Moral Majority, neoconservatives, "ABC" movement
1. What factors (social, political, and economic) contributed to Reagan’s victory in 1980?
Edward Ted Kennedy was the presidential nominee for the Democratics but his campaign was damage with the "Chappaquiddick incident". Ronald Reagan was nominated for the republicans and would be the oldest elected rpesident. He favored small government, capitalism, personal responsibilites, and he was appealing and friendly. The "Anyone But Carter" was the biggest favor in voting for him.
The Reagan Revolution
Know: Iranian hostage release, Prop. 13, "welfare state," "boll weevils"
2. What changes did Reagan make to the national budget and how did these contrast with previous spending programs?
Reagan wante to make government smaller and get federal spending under control. He believed that hte government was the problem and did not fix problems. In doing so, he proposed a 35 billion budget cut in programs such as food stamps and federal paid for job training programs. The lowered budget was passed but he was suddenly shot. Thankfully he recuperated and walked out of the hopital twelve days later.
The Battle of the Budget
Know: recession of 1982, supply-side economics, "yuppies"
3. What practices contributed to federal budget deficits under Reagan’s administration?
Reagan wante to make substantial tax cuts and madea plan calling for "supply-side economics". This supported businesses and lowered tazes and less government interference. He hoped to boos investment, production, hiring, and eventually growth to make th reduction in the federal deficit. The plan was a fail since the economy slide to a recession and several banks went bankrupt. Many blamed Reagan's tax cuts.
Reagan Renews the Cold War
Know: Star Wars/SDI, arms race, Cold War, "Solidarity," Olympic boycott
4. What were Reagan’s attitude, strategy, and rationale toward negotiating with the Soviets?
To Reagan, he saw the Soviet Union as the "Evil Empire" and his way of dealing with them is through strength. He proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative more commonly called the "Star Wars" plan .SDI was to put satellites in orbit armed with lasers that could shoot down Soviet missiles. This was never built since it costed a lot of money and the scientists were skeptical about the idea.
Troubles Abroad
Know: West Bank, Israel and Lebanon, "Teflon president," Sandinistas, "contra" rebels
5. Summarize Reagan’s international policy in the Middle East and Central America/Caribbean, identifying which side the U.S. supported and which side it opposed.
Reagen sent U.s. troops to Lebanon in attempt to make peace keeping. A suicide bomber would make him pull out the troops. In Nicaragua, communnistic "Sandinistas" had taken over the governemnt. While Carter would try to talk with them, reagan opposed them since he believed that it would be a base for Russia. "advisors" were sent to Nicaragua to support the "Contras". His military would get involve in other places as well.
Round Two for Reagan
Know: Geraldine Ferraro, Mikhail Gorbachev, glasnost, perestroika, INF treaty
6. What changes in the Soviet Union contributed to the end of the Cold War?
Since the economy was strong and Reagan was popular, he was able to win his reelection. In the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader and he spoke of restructuring the Soviet economy to be more free- market oriented. He proposed to cut INF at a meeting with Reagan. Talks at a second meeting and then a third lead to the Intermediate range nuclear force agreement to be made.
The Iran-Contra Imbroglio
Know: Iran-contra affair
7. Describe the flow of money and arms involved in the Iran-contra scandal.
In the Iran-Contra Affair, U.S. weapons would be sold to Iran, then the money would g oto the Contra "freedom fighters" in Nicaragua. The tricky deal lead Oliver North to go to prison. This made Reagan be in a bad position because if he knew about the scheme, it would appear eh was circumventing Congress to aid Contras. if he didn't know, it would seem that he isn't aware of what's going on around him.
Reagan’s Economic Legacy
Know: "Reaganomics"
8. How was Reagan’s economic policy both a failure and a victory?
In Reagan's time in office, he added two trillion dollars to the national debt which was more than all the previous presidents combined. Also, the debt was mostly to foreign nations especially Japan which seems that it would never be paid off. Reagan was successful in halting "welfare-state" programs that dominated the New Deal, Fair Deal, and the Great Society.
The Religious Right
Know: Jerry Falwell, Moral Majority, "identity politics"
9. How did the tactics of the religious right parallel those of the movements of the New Left during the 1960s?
New power of religious conservatives rose up in the "cultural wars" to attack the excesses of the 60's and 70's. Jerry Falwell started the moral Majority and registered two to three million voters. He spoke against sexual permissiveness, abortion, feminism, and homosexuality. "Televanelist" used the media to convey their messages to the world. Some 60's techniques such as "identify politics" was used.
Conservatism in the Courts
Know: Sandra Day O’Connor, affirmative action, Roe v. Wade, Planned Parenthood v. Casey
10. How did the Supreme Court decisions in Webster and Casey curtail Roe v. Wade?
In Webster v. reproductive Health Services, the Court supported Missouri law and place some restrictions on Abortion. With the Roe v. Wade, it had legalized abortion in 1973. The court ruled that states could restrict access to an abortion if it did not place "undue burden" on the mother with the Planned Parenthood v. Casey. This meant that the wife could not be forced to tell her husband of an abortion.
Referendum on Reaganism in 1988
Know: "Black Monday," "Seven Dwarfs"
11. What factors contributed to the ruin of savings and loan institutions?
The annual budget and the trade deficit was the main problems that plagued Reagan during his term. Dropping oil prices hurt the Southwest economy and lowered real estate values. S&Ls situation was so bad that the federal governemnt had to enact a bail out The stock market got wild with many mergers and buyouts. The market even dropped 508 points which was the largest in one day history.
George H.W. Bush and the End of the Cold War
Know: George H. W. Bush, Tiananmen Square, Berlin Wall, CIS, Yugoslavia, "ethnic cleansing," Nelson Mandela
12. What were the unexpected consequences of the demise of the Soviet Union?
In Europe, communism fell with the Fall of the Berlin wall. The U.S.S.R. broke apart and were loosely united in the "Commonwealth of Independent States" This showed that democracies won and communism had lost. All the old Soviet nuclear weapons made people question what to do with them. Also, now that communism was gone, the U.S. now needed a new foreign policy since before it was devoted to containing communism.
The Persian Gulf Crisis
Know: Saddam Hussein, "Operation Desert Storm" ("hundred-hour war")
13. "The enemy of my enemy is my friend." How did this philosophy have a negative outcome in America’s involvement with Iran and Iraq?
The Persian Gulf War was an attack of "Scud" missiles by Saddam at the U.S. troops and at Isael. The U.S. was led by Schwarzkopf and feared what Saddam had spoke of wagging in the "mother of all batles". He had stockpiled chemical and biological weapons, poison gas, and might spread anthrax. Later on, Saddam accept a cease-fire but he was still in power. This would later haunt the u.S.
Bush on the Home Front
Know: Americans with Disabilities Act, Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, "read my lips…"
14. How did reaction to the Thomas confirmation reflect the changing political attitudes of some women?
The Department of Education questioned whether college scholarships for minorities were legal and the threat to veto a bill would make it easier for an employee to prove discrimination in hiring. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to Supreme Court and was conservative. During Bush's campaign, he went along with a budget increase and a tax increase. The bad economy would cost him the election.
Varying Viewpoints: Where Did Modern Conservatism Come From?
Know: Charles and Mary Beard, Huey Long, Charles Coughlin, Sugrue and Edsall, George Will
15. Identify three broad influences that contributed to modern Conservatism and defend the one you think was most influential.
Cultural conservatism is described as a preservation of the heritage of one nation or of a shared culture that is not defined by national boundaries. Other variants of this are concerned with cultured attached to a given language. Social conservatism in the U.S. is defined by promotion of what its proponents perceive to be traditional social norms and values. Traditionalist conservatism describes a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law.