Study Guide Ch 31
Chapter #31 Identifications
A. Mitchell Palmer- During the red scare, Americans were afraid of communism and the chance of them coming over to take over America. Because of this, A Mitchell Palmer was the leader of the Palmer Raids which was a search for communists spies and execute them.
John T. Scopes- He was one of the teachers that violated the law regarding what the children in schools should be taught regading the creation of the world. He taught evolution even though biblical teachings were suppose to be taught. These violations were brought to court known as the Monkey Scopes Trial.
Clarence Darrow- He was an America Laywer that defended John T. Scopes in the Scopes Monkey Trial, and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union. He also defended thrill killers Leopold and Loeb in trial of murdering a fourteen year old.
Andrew Mellon- During Harding's term, he was the Secretary of treasury and one of the only good candidate in his kitchen cabinet as well as Hughes and Herbert Hoover compared to Albert B. Fall and Daugherty who have executed scandals that caused commotions throughout the year.
Frederick W. Taylor- American mechanical engineer who sought to improve efficiency and is regarded as the farther of scientific manegement and was one of the first people to be a mangement consultants. He was also one of the leading members of the Efficiency Movement and with his ideas, he was helpful during the Progressive Era.
Margaret Sanger- She is the one who made the term "birth control" popular and opened the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and establish Planned Parenthood. Her efforts went to the Supreme Court Landmark Case which legalized contraception. She also started the a newsletter called the Women Rebel.
H. L. Mencken- American journalist who attacked everything regarding the social aspects of society in his newsletter American Monthly.
F. Scott Fitzgerald- Spokesman for the Jazz Age and wrote The Great Gatsby and The Side of Paradise. His stories and works helped describe the senselessness and and glamour of the period they lived in.
Ernest Hemingway- Wrote the The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. Both of these stories show the empty and lost life of the young generation. He became the voice of the "Lost Generation" who went to war with Wilson's ideas.
Sinclair Lewis- An American novelist who became the first writer from the U.S. to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. In his works, he shows his views of American society and capitalist values as well as modern working women.
Buying on Margin- This meant securities would become collaterals if they were bought with cash borrowed from a broker. At some point, the loss or profit could be double in effect on the securities. They served as a collateral for the loan.
Red Scare- After the Great War, many Americans wanted to stay isolated in their land. The Red Scare was the fear of communism and the chances that communists would come over to America and then attempt to take over them in the process.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case- This was a case of Sacco and Vanzetti who were accused of being anarchists and dmurdering two men during robbery of a shoe factory in Massachusetts. Even though they had good alabis, they were declared guilty and were executed for being Italian immigrants.
Emergency Quota Act 1921- This was passed in order to decrease the amount of immigrants coming into the United States. Only three percent of the number of people from the same country living in the United Sates are allowed into the United States.
Immigration Quota Act 1924- This was passed in order to have a stricter policy in how many immigrants coming into America. Instead of three percent of the people from the same country who are living in the Unites States, it was lowered to two percent with this Act. This further rerstricted the people coming from southern and eastern Europe.
Volstead Act- This amendment prohibited alcohol and soon became the 18th amendment which bans alcohol.
Fundamentalism- This was a belief against modernist theology and demanded strictness for specific doctrines to promote continuity and accuracy. This was coined by supporters who describe their believe had roots in the 20th century.
Modernists- were the ones who rejec realism and use the things of fthe past in order to go through revision and create new parody in differrent forms. They were shaped by the factors of World War I and the cahnges of Western Society.
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
Since people were afraid of communism and the red scare, states passed laws outlawing advocacy of violence. Some elected officials were not able to have their seats on legislature because they were socialists. The biggest one was the Sacco and Vanzetti case where Italian immigrants were accused of murder. The decision of the case showed that those with European heritage were not safe during this time.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
Americans wanted to remain isolated and away from European affairs. The KKK were a group of people who were pro-white Anglo-Saxon protestant and anti everything else. The new KKK during this time expanded because of the red scare. They contniued there tactics of spreading fear through lynchings and intimidation, but now they had five million members in their group to back them up.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know:Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
Immigration was slowly being stopped through laws passed in the 1920 because of the red scare. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 stated that the number of immigrants allowed into America is only three percent of those from the same country living in the United States in 1910. This wasn't enough for some people so they passed the Immigration Act of 1924 to lower the percentage to two percent. This would effectively cut off the immigrants coming from souther and eastern Europe.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
In Poland, many people were starving so there were those who left their homeland in order to getting away from that. Some Prussian Poles left in order to escape from religious execution. Others may have gone to America in order to make money and then go back. In the end, people wanted to go to America because abundant opportunities lied in that New World.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
Many people did not like the amendment since there has been a long history of drinking in America. Most people either ignored the new amendment or choose to violate it. The amendment was however popular in the South and West. In the end, the Volstead Act did manage to increase bank savings and lower the absences at work.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
Bcause of prohibition, liquior distribution became an organized crime of an entire industry. Gangs would go out to mark their territory for liquior such as bars, gambling, narcotics, and extortion money. One of the biggest guy out there was Al Capone who was popular for bloodshed and murder. He was "Public Enemy Number One." At one point of time when kidnapping for ransom took place, the Lindbergh Law was passed to make kidnapping punishable by death.
Monkey Business inTennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
In the 1920's scientists and traditionalists battle each other out in the "Scopes Monkey Trial". This was an argument on what children were suppose to be taught in school. Darwin's theory of evolution or the literal reading of the Bible? John T. Scopes broke law on teaching evolution and started the showdown between evolution and creation. In the end, Fundamentalists were given the victory for this round.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
During this time, there were low-tax policies that helped encourage growth. Machineries were improved which meant that they ran on cheap energy and more producs were produced. Advertisement was boosted in order to start mass consumption and Bruce Barton was known as the best master seller. Because of this, people started buying things they didn't need or wanted until they saw it for themself.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
Frederick Taylor promoted efficiency in production and put a stopwatch on a worker in order to eliminate wasted movement. People became more effectice as the concept of this was put to practice. Henry Ford brought out his Model T and it soon became the best affordable model anyone could get. They were however unreliable but they were still inexpensive for practically any working person.
The Advent of theGasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
Cars brought some changes into America since it became the number one mode of transportation. Roads needed to be built so there was a boom in those industries. Gasoline industries started to grow at this time as well. Social changes were that young people had more independence as well. However, there were many crashes that took place and by 1951 there were a million people that had died in a car crash.
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
Airplanes were used as air mail after World War I was over. The first transcontinental airmail route started in New York all the way to San Francisco. Charles Lindbergh was the first to fly across the Atlantic Ocean. He was one of the people represented in the jass Age were young people lived high lives. However, this all wouldn't have started if not for Orville and Wilbur Wright since they had the first man to fly on December 17, 1903.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
After Guglielme Marconi invented the telegraphy, the radio would soon be created as well. KDKA was the first major radio broadcast and broadcasted the result of Warren Hardings victory in the election. Communication became a bit easier because of the radio and more entertainment could be gained. Everyone could hear the news at the same time and advertisement could be sent out as well.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
The first movie was The Great Train Robbery made by D.W. Griffith. This talked about what happened in the Civil war and the rerconstruction that took place afterwards. Hollywood soon became the movie headquarters. Before movies were used as propaganda, but now they were used for entertainment. Movie stars like Charlie Chaplain, Douglas Fairbanks, and Mary Pickford soon emerged.
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
More Americans in the 1920 lived in the urban areas than in the rural areas. Religion started to dwindle as "Modernists" pushed back Fundamentalists. They opposed traditional views and the Jazz Age soon kindled "flaming youth". Many black people during these times took role in the Jazz Age and became fmous along with it. Macus Garvey founded the UNited Negro Improvement Association for example.
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
Ernest Hemignway used his masterpieces in literature to show the lives of young adults and soon became the voice of the "Lost Generation". Theodore Dreiser wrote An American Tragedy while Sinclair Lewis spread ideas of materialism and consumerism in his book. These works show that Americans during these times were enjoying themselves too much and that they were getting lost in the true meaning of being an American.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
In the 1920's, the government economic policy was successful for a period of time. The Bureau of the Budget was passsed in order to get the financial house in order. Andrew Mellon said that more tax revenue should be seeked with high taxes. Many people used the stock market in order to get rich quick by using "on margin" ideals which means buying something with borrowed money. This would lead to the great epression and the fall of the stock market.