Study Guide Chapter 36
Chapter #36: IDENTIFICATIONS
Joseph McCarthy or "McCarthyism"- This is the practice of accusing someone of being disloyal and using treason agaisnt them without any proper evidence to support their claim. McCarthy became famous when he accused secretary of state Acheson of employing 205 communists.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- These two were U.S. citizens who were convicted of conspiracy to espionage durin the second World War. They were charged of giving information of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union and were executed as a result.
Adlai Stevenson- He was the one who was nominated for the presidential election of 1952 and 1956. He lost both times to Dwight D. Eisenhower but still went for another presidential nomination in the election of 1960. He still lost but this time to John F. Kennedy.
Richard Nixon- He was the republican vice president during 1953-1961 and becomes the 37th president later on in 1969-1974. He is also the senator from California. Nixon was a member of the House of Un-American Activities Communittee and chased Alger Hiss around.
Yalta Conference- This was a conference met with the leaders from Russia, Britain, and America which was known as the big three. At this conference, the Russians promsied to host free elections but never that promise them as time passed.
United Nations- In the Atlantic Charter, the United Nations was created as a result of that meeting. This was another chance at pursuing peace in the world and focused on similar points from the League of Nations.
Iron Curtain- This was a term coined by Churchill and describe the Berlin wall that was built around the area that Russia occupied. This was built in order to keep out the influence of democracy from nations such as America, Britain, and France.
Berlin airlift- Before the Berlin wall was built up, the Russians set up a blockade to prevent the U.S. from sending supplies to those in East Germany. In order to get around this, the Berlin Airlift was set up. Every fifteen minutes, a supply plane would come and drop off materials.
Containment- This was the idea that America could keep Russia's influence to itself if they checked on them every once in a while. This policy stated that the U.S. should try to keep communism from spreading from other countries.
Truman Doctrine- This was a document that allowed the U.S. to send money to Greece and Turkey in order for them to fight back against the pressures of becoming communist like Russia.
Marshall Plan- This plan was an extention of the Truman Doctrine which stated that the U.S. would lend money to all or any nations who were struggling to fight against communism.
National Security Act - This led the military to go through a dramatic change or reorganization. The U.S. Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence community was change after the second World War.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- This was a military alliance that the U.S. set up with countries such as Belgium, France, Britain, and Denmark. Russia responded with the Warsaw Pact.
Taft-Hartley Act- After the World War, the labor unions had a much more stronger grip so Congress had to act. This restricted the power of labor unions and was sponsered by Robert Taft.
Fair Deal- This was a mini version of Roosevelt's New Deal. This set up minimum wages, crop regulation price, and employment acts in order to keep the economy steady.
Thirty-eighth parallel- This was the line that separated North Korea from South Korea. It was placed there in order to seperate the communist north from the democracy south.
NSC-68- This plan stated tha the U.S. will quadruple their spending on military in order to build up America's defense to send over.
Chapter #36 Guided Reading Questions
Postwar Economic Anxieties
Know: Gross National Product, Taft-Hartley Act, Closed Shop, Council of Economic Advisors, GI Bill
1. Describe the downs and ups of the economy in the years following WWII.
The good thing that came after the war was over is that inflation increased a little but the economy was strong. This meant that the labor unions were easy to control. In order to decrease the support in labor unions, the Taft-Hartley Act banned "closed shops". In response, the Unions tried to move in another direction in "Operation Dixie" but was unsuccessful. As time passed the government passed acts to keep the economy moving like the Employment Act.
The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
2. How did women benefit from the economic boom?
Since the economy was at its best, America was in another age of prosperity. The women were able to benefit from this because they could findd jobs in new offices and shops. They were a quarter percentage of the workforce at the war's end and nearly fifty percent in half a decade. Although in the media, the traditional roles of women at home were still popular. There was a clash between the women at work and women because of this.
The Roots of Postwar Prosperity
Know: R and D, Productivity
3. What evidence can you cite that shows the years 1950-1970 were good years economically?
The good economic situation was because of the war's massive production. It was able to America the jump start it needed to keep the economy moving. There were also many military related jobs such as electronis, aerospace as well as research and developtment. The energy was cheap so car sales showed the evidence of cheap gas. Work production increased and more Americans were getting educated to make a standard living. Big businesses was the main way to make money since people started to turn away from family farms.
The Smiling Sunbelt
Know: Benjamin Spock, Sunbelt, Frostbelt, Rustbelt
4. How did the population shift in the years after the war?
After the war came to an end, the men came back to be with their wives. This created the baby boom and because of this, many families moved around. Dr. Benjamin Spock's book was helpful to new mothers and became a big seller. Sunbelt was another boom of its own. California soon became one of the populous state and immigration was helpful to increasing the population in Sunbelt.
The Rush to the Suburbs
Know: Federal Housing Authority, Veterans Administration, Levittown, White Flight
5. Was the shift to the suburbs good for America? Explain.
After the war, people moved from the big cities to suburbs and this was a good choice since the Veteran's Administration made buying a home more sensible than having an apartment. Levittown is a good example of a suburb on Long Islan. This was bad for the ones in the big cities since closed signs were now seen all over shops. Black people had a hard time getting money but white people could go on if they liked.
The Postwar Baby Boom
Know: Baby Boom
6. How did the bulge in population caused by the Baby Boom change American life over the decades?
The bulge in population changed American life in many aspecs. While the new generation was growing up, big industries were their life. Levi's jeans became a standard teenage wear and music changed. Before little children were suppose to act like small adults but now they act and dressed their own way. Burger joints boomed as well. In the end, the baby boomers outnumber other generations.
Makers of America: The Suburbanites
Know: Federal Housing Administration, Levittowns, White Flight
7. How did suburbs revolutionize life in America?
The suburbs were a big change in American life since many people during the industrial age went from the country to cities. Once the war was over, people wanted to move out and find a new home for themselves. Instead of renting an apartment, getting a home was a new and good change for people. These were for the white people though, the black people struggled to get out since they weren't given loans easily.
Truman: the "Gutty" Man from Missouri
Know: "The buck stops here."
8. What kind of a man was Harry S Truman?
Harry S Truman was the first president in a few years to have no college education. He was a very spunnky fellow and had a big smile. His cabinet members were called the "Missouri gang" and he himself was called "The Man from Independence". As time went by he was hot headed in making decisions but gained confidence along the way. He would even stick to a bad decision out of stubborness.
Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal?
Know: Yalta, United Nations
9. Why was the Yalta conference controversial in the decade following it?
The Yalta conference was controversial in the decade following it because it sets up the upcoming cold war. Russia promised to hold free elections for Poland and other satelite countries in his control to decide their government. They never kept this promise. Both FDR and Churchill did not trust Russia's goals and neither did Russia. As time pasts, China became communists and FDR would get some of the blame.
The United States and the Soviet Union
Know: Communism, Capitalism, Sphere of Influence
10. How did similarities and differences both cause the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to have difficulties dealing with each other?
Both the U.S. and U.S.S.R were the top nations once the war was over and were also isolationists countries. Howevery, the difference between them lead them to argue against each other at every topic. They both had a missionary diplomacy to press their own policy onto others. Russia was communist and America was capitalist. Neither of them trusted each other so the "Cold War" would began as a result of these factors.
Shaping the Postwar World
Know: International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Security Council; General Assembly; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; Food and Agricultural Organization; World Health Organization
11. For what problems were international organizations established after WWII?
There was a meeting in Bretton Woods in order for the Allies to set up the International Monetary Fund to propell world trade and regulate currency exchange rates. This also started the World bank to give loans to nations. The United Nations was also set up with the main ideas of General Assembly, The Security Council, and relief-based agencies. However, regulation of atomic weapons did not happen.
The Problem of Germany
Know: Nuremberg, Hermann Goering, Big Four, Iron Curtain, Berlin Airlift
12. What problems did Germany cause between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.?
After the war came to a close, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. had different ideas on what to do with Germany. The U.S. wanted to rebuild Germany since it was good for Europe's economy. Russia on the other hand wanted reparations. In the end, Germany was split into four zones but France, Britain, and U.S. would oversee on zone to reunite Germany. Russia cut off the railway to West Berlin to keep East and West apart. The Berlin Airlift was the result.
A Cold War Congeals
Know: George Kennan, Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan
13. Describe the policies followed by Truman in relation to the Soviets.
George F. Kennan's "containment doctrine" was the formal psoition against Russia. It said that the U.S.S.R. could be contained if America checked in on it every once in a while. This policy was official in the Truman Doctrine which gave money to aid both Freece and Turkey from the pressure of being communist. The Marshall plan was also passed in order to lend money to rebuild Europe.
America Begins to Rearm
Know: National Security Act, Defense Department, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Voice of America, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14. List and define the organizations set up to deal with the Soviet Union.
Many military chanes were made with the National Security Act. The War Department was replaced with Department of Defense, Secretary of War with Secretary of Defense, and civilian secretaries would head the army, navy, and air force. Propaganda was spread with the radio broadcast Voice of America. The North Atlantic Tready Organization was also created to make an alliance against Russia.
Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, H-bomb
15. Our WWII ally China gave us more trouble in the post war years than our enemy Japan. Explain.
Even though Japan was a big enemy in World War II, China was a more difficult problem in the Cold War. The U.S. struggled to contain communism and had to keep China from turning into one. A communist leader Mao Zedong led a civil war against Chiang Kai-shek and ended with the communists winning. This was a big loss for the U.S. but there was nothing they could do now. The nuclear arms race also starte in 1949 between U.S. and U.S.S.R.
Ferreting Out Alleged Communists
Know: Smith Act, Committee on Un-American Activities, Richard M. Nixon, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarran Internal Security Bill, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
16. Did the U.S. government go too far trying to prevent communist infiltration?
The U.S. government did go to far from trying to prevent communist infiltration. The Loyalty Review Board incestigated loyalists employees and many had to resign or were fired. The rights of freedom of speech, press and thought were also being hampered. This is like a continuation of the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids. Under the Smith Act, eleven communists were tried. The House Un-American Activities Committee was investiaged.
Democratic Divisions in 1948
Know: Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond, Henry Wallace, Do-nothing Congress, "Dewey Defeats Truman," Point Four, Fair Deal
17. How successful was Truman in passing his domestic program?
Truman was able to became president again since the democratic vote was split three ways. With his win, the democrats retook Congress. When he went into office he starte the "Point Four" program to give money and technical help to newborn nations. He also passed the "Fair Deal" which was a small version of the New Deal. It improved housing, increase employment, set minimum wage, farm price supports and start the new TVA.
The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)
Know: 38th Parallel, Dean Acheson, NSC-68, Police Action
18. What was the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War?
The Korean war was in the same situation as Germany. They were separated by the 38th parallel line with the North being communist and the South being democratic. When the north invaded the south, they werer overrun but America was able to help in time. With the NSC-68, the spending on America's defense quadrupled and showed how scared America was to communism. The possibilities seem limitless on massive build-up.
The Military Seesaw in Korea
Know: Pusan Perimeter, Inchon, Chinese Volunteers, Douglas MacArthur
19. Why did Truman fire MacArthur?
After the North's invasion and America's rescue, MacArthur was able to hit enemy lines at Inchon and push the North Koreans to Yalu River near the China border. This would have been over if they crossed into the North over the 38th parallel line to raise the stakes. Many Chinese volunteers however help push them back southward. MacArthur wanted to have a blockade and bombed China but the government didn't so Truman was fired.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Was to Blame for the Cold War?
20. What is the current opinion of most historians on the above question?
The current opinion of most histroian on who was to blame for the Cold War is that the Russians were the one to start it. Originally, if the communist nation kept the promises it made in the Yalta conference, then they would not have caused a greater tension between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Although some of the promsies were kept, the important ones weren't and that was the mistake that lead the two nations to have the cold war.
Joseph McCarthy or "McCarthyism"- This is the practice of accusing someone of being disloyal and using treason agaisnt them without any proper evidence to support their claim. McCarthy became famous when he accused secretary of state Acheson of employing 205 communists.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- These two were U.S. citizens who were convicted of conspiracy to espionage durin the second World War. They were charged of giving information of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union and were executed as a result.
Adlai Stevenson- He was the one who was nominated for the presidential election of 1952 and 1956. He lost both times to Dwight D. Eisenhower but still went for another presidential nomination in the election of 1960. He still lost but this time to John F. Kennedy.
Richard Nixon- He was the republican vice president during 1953-1961 and becomes the 37th president later on in 1969-1974. He is also the senator from California. Nixon was a member of the House of Un-American Activities Communittee and chased Alger Hiss around.
Yalta Conference- This was a conference met with the leaders from Russia, Britain, and America which was known as the big three. At this conference, the Russians promsied to host free elections but never that promise them as time passed.
United Nations- In the Atlantic Charter, the United Nations was created as a result of that meeting. This was another chance at pursuing peace in the world and focused on similar points from the League of Nations.
Iron Curtain- This was a term coined by Churchill and describe the Berlin wall that was built around the area that Russia occupied. This was built in order to keep out the influence of democracy from nations such as America, Britain, and France.
Berlin airlift- Before the Berlin wall was built up, the Russians set up a blockade to prevent the U.S. from sending supplies to those in East Germany. In order to get around this, the Berlin Airlift was set up. Every fifteen minutes, a supply plane would come and drop off materials.
Containment- This was the idea that America could keep Russia's influence to itself if they checked on them every once in a while. This policy stated that the U.S. should try to keep communism from spreading from other countries.
Truman Doctrine- This was a document that allowed the U.S. to send money to Greece and Turkey in order for them to fight back against the pressures of becoming communist like Russia.
Marshall Plan- This plan was an extention of the Truman Doctrine which stated that the U.S. would lend money to all or any nations who were struggling to fight against communism.
National Security Act - This led the military to go through a dramatic change or reorganization. The U.S. Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence community was change after the second World War.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- This was a military alliance that the U.S. set up with countries such as Belgium, France, Britain, and Denmark. Russia responded with the Warsaw Pact.
Taft-Hartley Act- After the World War, the labor unions had a much more stronger grip so Congress had to act. This restricted the power of labor unions and was sponsered by Robert Taft.
Fair Deal- This was a mini version of Roosevelt's New Deal. This set up minimum wages, crop regulation price, and employment acts in order to keep the economy steady.
Thirty-eighth parallel- This was the line that separated North Korea from South Korea. It was placed there in order to seperate the communist north from the democracy south.
NSC-68- This plan stated tha the U.S. will quadruple their spending on military in order to build up America's defense to send over.
Chapter #36 Guided Reading Questions
Postwar Economic Anxieties
Know: Gross National Product, Taft-Hartley Act, Closed Shop, Council of Economic Advisors, GI Bill
1. Describe the downs and ups of the economy in the years following WWII.
The good thing that came after the war was over is that inflation increased a little but the economy was strong. This meant that the labor unions were easy to control. In order to decrease the support in labor unions, the Taft-Hartley Act banned "closed shops". In response, the Unions tried to move in another direction in "Operation Dixie" but was unsuccessful. As time passed the government passed acts to keep the economy moving like the Employment Act.
The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
2. How did women benefit from the economic boom?
Since the economy was at its best, America was in another age of prosperity. The women were able to benefit from this because they could findd jobs in new offices and shops. They were a quarter percentage of the workforce at the war's end and nearly fifty percent in half a decade. Although in the media, the traditional roles of women at home were still popular. There was a clash between the women at work and women because of this.
The Roots of Postwar Prosperity
Know: R and D, Productivity
3. What evidence can you cite that shows the years 1950-1970 were good years economically?
The good economic situation was because of the war's massive production. It was able to America the jump start it needed to keep the economy moving. There were also many military related jobs such as electronis, aerospace as well as research and developtment. The energy was cheap so car sales showed the evidence of cheap gas. Work production increased and more Americans were getting educated to make a standard living. Big businesses was the main way to make money since people started to turn away from family farms.
The Smiling Sunbelt
Know: Benjamin Spock, Sunbelt, Frostbelt, Rustbelt
4. How did the population shift in the years after the war?
After the war came to an end, the men came back to be with their wives. This created the baby boom and because of this, many families moved around. Dr. Benjamin Spock's book was helpful to new mothers and became a big seller. Sunbelt was another boom of its own. California soon became one of the populous state and immigration was helpful to increasing the population in Sunbelt.
The Rush to the Suburbs
Know: Federal Housing Authority, Veterans Administration, Levittown, White Flight
5. Was the shift to the suburbs good for America? Explain.
After the war, people moved from the big cities to suburbs and this was a good choice since the Veteran's Administration made buying a home more sensible than having an apartment. Levittown is a good example of a suburb on Long Islan. This was bad for the ones in the big cities since closed signs were now seen all over shops. Black people had a hard time getting money but white people could go on if they liked.
The Postwar Baby Boom
Know: Baby Boom
6. How did the bulge in population caused by the Baby Boom change American life over the decades?
The bulge in population changed American life in many aspecs. While the new generation was growing up, big industries were their life. Levi's jeans became a standard teenage wear and music changed. Before little children were suppose to act like small adults but now they act and dressed their own way. Burger joints boomed as well. In the end, the baby boomers outnumber other generations.
Makers of America: The Suburbanites
Know: Federal Housing Administration, Levittowns, White Flight
7. How did suburbs revolutionize life in America?
The suburbs were a big change in American life since many people during the industrial age went from the country to cities. Once the war was over, people wanted to move out and find a new home for themselves. Instead of renting an apartment, getting a home was a new and good change for people. These were for the white people though, the black people struggled to get out since they weren't given loans easily.
Truman: the "Gutty" Man from Missouri
Know: "The buck stops here."
8. What kind of a man was Harry S Truman?
Harry S Truman was the first president in a few years to have no college education. He was a very spunnky fellow and had a big smile. His cabinet members were called the "Missouri gang" and he himself was called "The Man from Independence". As time went by he was hot headed in making decisions but gained confidence along the way. He would even stick to a bad decision out of stubborness.
Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal?
Know: Yalta, United Nations
9. Why was the Yalta conference controversial in the decade following it?
The Yalta conference was controversial in the decade following it because it sets up the upcoming cold war. Russia promised to hold free elections for Poland and other satelite countries in his control to decide their government. They never kept this promise. Both FDR and Churchill did not trust Russia's goals and neither did Russia. As time pasts, China became communists and FDR would get some of the blame.
The United States and the Soviet Union
Know: Communism, Capitalism, Sphere of Influence
10. How did similarities and differences both cause the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to have difficulties dealing with each other?
Both the U.S. and U.S.S.R were the top nations once the war was over and were also isolationists countries. Howevery, the difference between them lead them to argue against each other at every topic. They both had a missionary diplomacy to press their own policy onto others. Russia was communist and America was capitalist. Neither of them trusted each other so the "Cold War" would began as a result of these factors.
Shaping the Postwar World
Know: International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Security Council; General Assembly; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; Food and Agricultural Organization; World Health Organization
11. For what problems were international organizations established after WWII?
There was a meeting in Bretton Woods in order for the Allies to set up the International Monetary Fund to propell world trade and regulate currency exchange rates. This also started the World bank to give loans to nations. The United Nations was also set up with the main ideas of General Assembly, The Security Council, and relief-based agencies. However, regulation of atomic weapons did not happen.
The Problem of Germany
Know: Nuremberg, Hermann Goering, Big Four, Iron Curtain, Berlin Airlift
12. What problems did Germany cause between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.?
After the war came to a close, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. had different ideas on what to do with Germany. The U.S. wanted to rebuild Germany since it was good for Europe's economy. Russia on the other hand wanted reparations. In the end, Germany was split into four zones but France, Britain, and U.S. would oversee on zone to reunite Germany. Russia cut off the railway to West Berlin to keep East and West apart. The Berlin Airlift was the result.
A Cold War Congeals
Know: George Kennan, Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan
13. Describe the policies followed by Truman in relation to the Soviets.
George F. Kennan's "containment doctrine" was the formal psoition against Russia. It said that the U.S.S.R. could be contained if America checked in on it every once in a while. This policy was official in the Truman Doctrine which gave money to aid both Freece and Turkey from the pressure of being communist. The Marshall plan was also passed in order to lend money to rebuild Europe.
America Begins to Rearm
Know: National Security Act, Defense Department, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Voice of America, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14. List and define the organizations set up to deal with the Soviet Union.
Many military chanes were made with the National Security Act. The War Department was replaced with Department of Defense, Secretary of War with Secretary of Defense, and civilian secretaries would head the army, navy, and air force. Propaganda was spread with the radio broadcast Voice of America. The North Atlantic Tready Organization was also created to make an alliance against Russia.
Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, H-bomb
15. Our WWII ally China gave us more trouble in the post war years than our enemy Japan. Explain.
Even though Japan was a big enemy in World War II, China was a more difficult problem in the Cold War. The U.S. struggled to contain communism and had to keep China from turning into one. A communist leader Mao Zedong led a civil war against Chiang Kai-shek and ended with the communists winning. This was a big loss for the U.S. but there was nothing they could do now. The nuclear arms race also starte in 1949 between U.S. and U.S.S.R.
Ferreting Out Alleged Communists
Know: Smith Act, Committee on Un-American Activities, Richard M. Nixon, Alger Hiss, Joseph R. McCarthy, McCarran Internal Security Bill, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
16. Did the U.S. government go too far trying to prevent communist infiltration?
The U.S. government did go to far from trying to prevent communist infiltration. The Loyalty Review Board incestigated loyalists employees and many had to resign or were fired. The rights of freedom of speech, press and thought were also being hampered. This is like a continuation of the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids. Under the Smith Act, eleven communists were tried. The House Un-American Activities Committee was investiaged.
Democratic Divisions in 1948
Know: Dixiecrats, Strom Thurmond, Henry Wallace, Do-nothing Congress, "Dewey Defeats Truman," Point Four, Fair Deal
17. How successful was Truman in passing his domestic program?
Truman was able to became president again since the democratic vote was split three ways. With his win, the democrats retook Congress. When he went into office he starte the "Point Four" program to give money and technical help to newborn nations. He also passed the "Fair Deal" which was a small version of the New Deal. It improved housing, increase employment, set minimum wage, farm price supports and start the new TVA.
The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)
Know: 38th Parallel, Dean Acheson, NSC-68, Police Action
18. What was the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War?
The Korean war was in the same situation as Germany. They were separated by the 38th parallel line with the North being communist and the South being democratic. When the north invaded the south, they werer overrun but America was able to help in time. With the NSC-68, the spending on America's defense quadrupled and showed how scared America was to communism. The possibilities seem limitless on massive build-up.
The Military Seesaw in Korea
Know: Pusan Perimeter, Inchon, Chinese Volunteers, Douglas MacArthur
19. Why did Truman fire MacArthur?
After the North's invasion and America's rescue, MacArthur was able to hit enemy lines at Inchon and push the North Koreans to Yalu River near the China border. This would have been over if they crossed into the North over the 38th parallel line to raise the stakes. Many Chinese volunteers however help push them back southward. MacArthur wanted to have a blockade and bombed China but the government didn't so Truman was fired.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Was to Blame for the Cold War?
20. What is the current opinion of most historians on the above question?
The current opinion of most histroian on who was to blame for the Cold War is that the Russians were the one to start it. Originally, if the communist nation kept the promises it made in the Yalta conference, then they would not have caused a greater tension between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Although some of the promsies were kept, the important ones weren't and that was the mistake that lead the two nations to have the cold war.