Study Guide Chapter 30
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel - A journalist who was the head of the United States Committee on Public Information. He was to rally up support for the war and use propaganda to gain support of the U.S. citizens.
Bernard Baruch- He is a famous American financier that devoted his time in advising Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt on economic matters regarding the country. He is also a stock investor and statesman that was successful in business. He was the head of the War Industries Board but was isbanded within days after armistice.
Henry Cabot Lodge- A republican Senator and Historian that is known for not liking president Woodrow Wilson. He is also known for his basis on foreign policy and demands congressional control of declarations of war.
James M. Cox- He is the governor of Ohio and also the representative from Ohio and Democratic candidate for the President of the United States in the election of 1920.
Self-Determination- This principle means that nations have the right to freely choose their standing and international status in politics with no exterior interference based on the respect for the principle of equal rights and fair of equality of opportunity. This does not state that the outcome should be independence, federation or protection.
Collective security- This is the security arrangement, regional or global in which the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all and that it agrees to join in a collective response toward threats or breaches of peace. This is a more aggressive system of the alliance security or collective defence in that it seeks to encompass totality of states within a reagion.
Normalcy- Is the way things were before World War I began. Warren G. Harding called for normalcy in the election of 1920.
Zimmerman Note- The Zimmerman Note was a telegram from Germany that was sent to Mexico by secret but was intercepted by the British. Inside, it revealed that the Germans were going to urge Mexico to wage war against America so that they would not get caught up into the war. They wanted to stall them from helping out their allies and in return, Mexico would be given the land they lost from the U.S.
Fourteen Points- This was Woodro Wilson's plan to end the war by creating peace between the countries. It involve prohibiting countries from making secret treaties, and negociate peace if some countries were causing a dispute. In order for England's and France's representatives to accept this, Woodro Wilson had to accept the punishment that was given to Germany.
League of Nations- This was Woodro Wilson's 14th point of the 14 Points. He wanted to end the war by creating peace and preventing to have another world war created. Although he was enthusiastic about his plan, the American people were not happy because they wanted to be done dealing with other countries. In the end, America was not a part of the League of Nations.
Committee on Public Information- Created by Woodrow Wilson during World War I, and used to create influence to the U.S. regarding the current war. It was needed in order to gain the support of the Americans. In the end, the commitee was successful and had everyone enthusiastic about the war effort and support of those enlisting into the army.
Espionage and Sedition Acts- These acts allowed the government to kill those who they believed were spies and imprison those who were a threat to the nation. A court case also stated that the acts passed were not breaking the first amendment because it was for a good cause that the government is allowed to do this.
Industrial Workers of the World- This is an internation union and contends that all workers should be united as a class in a sense and that the wage system should be abolished. They are known for the Wobbly Shop where the workers elect their managers and discuss about grassroots democracy which is self-management.
War Industries Board- This was the U.S. government agency to coordinate war supplies that were purchased during World War I. They encouraged manufactures to use mass production in order to increase products and efficiency. They also urge them to eliminate waste in order for packaging and items to be created in sanitary conditions.
Nineteenth Amendment- This amendment finally allowed women the right to vote like the men do. While they were at war, the women were able to prove their abbility to do a man's work just as well as a man could.
Food Administration- These administrations and groups were responsible to all things related to food in numerous countries an international organizations. bot past and present. This was headed by Herbert C. Hoover.
Irreconcilables- These were the bitter parts of the Treaty of Versailles. The terms of the ratification of the treaty were never ratified in the end and prohibited the U.S. from joining the League of Nations that Woodrow Wilson created himself.
Treaty of Versailles- This treaty was signed by in Paris, Veresailles and ended the Great War which is also known as World War I. The War Guilt clause that was in the treaty stated that the Germans would receive full blame for causing this war and had to pay the cost of all the damages.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
One event that lead the U.S. to go into the war was the sinking of the Lusitania. Although the ships were armed, many Americans were killed because of the German's U-boats. Another event was the Zimmerman Telegram from the Germans which asked Mexico to wage war against the U.S. These two events were enough for the Americans to join the war against the Germans.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Most of the other countries are in the war for both money and possible gains of new land. America on the other hand, loved the isolation she had for a long period of time. However, she decided to join the war in order for the world to be a safe place for democracy. The American people only approved of joining the war in order to shape a place for democracy to flourish.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Some of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points was the proposal to abolish secret treaties. The freedom of the seas and removal of economic barriers among nations was a part of the points. Many countries were pleased of these points as well as the adjustment of colonial claims. Both the people and the colonizeres were interested din this and was reassured of the anti-imperialists.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
America was motivated to help in the war effort through the Comittee on Public Information which was headed by George Creel. Through propaganda, he made the U.S. citizens excited in providing effort for the war. He also sent "four-minute men" to deliver speeches containing much "patriotic pep" in them. Songs and movies were also used in order to raise U.S. citizen's spirits.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
In order to enforce loyalty forced during the war, the Espoinage Act and the Sedition Act were passed. These acts allowed the government to kill those who they believed were spies and inprison others who posed to be a threat to them. An example of this was the inprisonment of Eugene V. Debs in which he served ten years in jail for it. Through the Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court justified the clause by arguing that freedom of speech could be revoked when it had a "clear and present danger" to the nation.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Sheer ignorance was a big roadblcok for economic mobilizers. No one knew the price of steel or explosive powder that the country was able to create during this time. Old ideas were liable but traditional fears proved to be harmful efforts to orchestrate the economy from Washington. Bernard baruch was made head of the War Industries Board but was disbanded after armistice.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
The slogan during the war was "work or fight" which meant that those who were not employed during that time were forced to serve in the military. This being said, the labor unions were unsuccessful because those who were in it were forced into the military since they were not working. However, Samuel Gomper's American Federation of Labor loyally supported the war but the Workers of the World did not.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Since most of the men were in the military, the women were working in the factories to replace them. THere were some who supported the war like those in the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Alice paul's National Woman's party did not support the war and created hunger strikes. After some time, Wilson drafted the nineteenth amendment and gave all American woman the right to vote. After the war, many woman gave up their jobs.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Hervert C. Hoover was the head of the Food Administration and manage to feed starving people. He preferred to rely on voluntary compliance rather than compulsory edicts. There was a drive against alcohol since the brewers were German-descended. Farm production increaesed by one-fourth. Pressures of various kinds were used to sell bonds. The Fuel Administration exhorted Americans to save fuel.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
America would use navy to uphold freedom of the seas and supply them with loans and war materials. An army would be create trained and transporte with conscription. The bill required the registration of all males between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. No "draft dodger" could purchase exemption or hire substitute like those in the Civil War. 4 million men was grown and had some 11,000 women to the navy and 269 to the marines. Recruits receive six months of training in America and two more months overseas usually but not during this time.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
The trainies who first reached the front were used as replacements in the Allied darmies and were generally deployed in quiet sectors with the British and the French. Small detachments foughts in Belgium, Italy and Russia. Allied invasion of nothern Russia at Archangel with 5,000 troops. Major purpose were to prent Japan from getting a stranglehold on Siberia to rescue some 45,000 marooned Czechoslovak troops.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
First significant engagement of American troops were the 30,000 in the breach at chateau-thierry while the germans were within forty miles of Paris. American men participated in a Foch counteroffensive in the Second Battle of the marne. Nine American devisions joine four French divisions join four French divisions to push Germans from St. Mihiel salient. John J. Pershing was assigned a front from Swiss border to meet French Lines. heavy fighting in the Argonne Forest.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
Wilson seeked peace based on the Fourteen points and made it clear that the Kaiser had to be thrown overboard before an armistice could be neotiated. Kaise was forced to flee and the Germans were through. The United States' main contributions to the ultimate victory had been foodstuffs,minutions, credits, oil for the first mechanize war and manpower. Not battlefield victories since they only fought in only two major battles at St. Mihiel and Meuse-argonne.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson decided to go to Paris to help make the peace infuriated Republicans. Not any one of them were invited to go with him and the only one that did go with him was Cabot Loge. This decision made the Republican party turn their backs upon him. Also, the idea of creating the League of Nations was not popular among the U.S. citizens. They still loved their isolation and being a part of the League of Nations would mean more interference with other countries.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
Wilson's desire for the League of Nations would affect his bargaining at the peace conference. Both England and France wanted to Punish Germany for causing the war. Italy on the other hand simply wanted both money or new land from the treaty. The U.S. wanted to heal Germany and build her back up instead of punishing her. However, in order to accept the League of Nations, he had to agree with the punishment towards Germany.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Saar basin would be under the Leaque of nations for fifteen year sand then popular vote would determine its fate. In return, they got the security treaty in which both Britain and America would come to France's aid if Germany invaided. The seaport would also go to Yugoslavia instead of Italy. Japan kept Germany's economic holdings in Shandong and pledge to return peninsula to China at later date.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson had to compromise away some of his less cherished Fouteen Points in order to salvage the more precious League of Nations. He hoped that the League of Nations would iron out the inequities since it was a potent League with America as a leader. The condemned treaty had to much to condemn in the people's eyes. he was now a fallen idol and condemned by liberals and imperialists.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Isolationists raised whirlwind of protest especially about the League of Nations. Rabid Hun haters also voiced their discontent. They thought it was too harsh and a gross betrayal. The peace settlement was not sufficiently favorable to native lands of Germans and Italians. Irishs also denounced the League since they felt that it gave Britain undue influence and would force the U.S. to crush rise for Irish independence.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
The midwest received Wilson lukewarmly because of German American influence. Rocky mountain region and pacific coast welcomed him since they had elected him in 1916 election. They pleaded for the League of Nations as the real hope of preventing future wars. During that night, Wilson collapsed due to physical and nervous exhaustion. He went back in the "funeral train" to washington and died in the white house.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
Senator Lodge and other critics were mad that the League morally bound the United States to aid any member victimized by external aggression. Four-fifths of the senators favor the treaty with or without reservation yet a simple majority couldn't aree with a single proposition. Wilson-Lodge feud, traditionalism, isolationism, disillusionment, and partisanship contribute to the defeat of the treaty.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
Harding was the representative of the Republican party while the Democratic representative was Cox. Harding was able to be swept into power with the new votes coming from the women. Eugene V. Debs was still the socialists representative and manage to role the larges vote for his party. Harding's victory was said to be the eathsentence for the League. Politicians shunned the league as they would a leper.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
Complicate pact tied four other peace traties through the League Covenant but the United States being the fourth leg wasn't in its place. France undertook to build up powerful military force with the Security treaty. The conduct of its Allies had been disillusionin and had is own ends to serve though wilsonian program. The U.S. should have use strength to shape world-shaking events.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
The American isolation should end and infuse its own political and economic idea which is democracy, rule of law, free trade, and national self-determination. This sacrificed American self-interest on unworkable ideas. His idealism however was a high realism since certain solutions had to be found. The abscence of economic factors in shaping Wilson's diplomacy still holds some people back.